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body anatomy and disease resistance Flashcards

3 and 4

1
Q

what 2 body parts help prevent the entry of pathogens?

A

skin
mucus membranes

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2
Q

what is another word for skin

A

integument

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3
Q

define skin/integument

A

covers the outside of the animal
is a very efficient barrier against the environment

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4
Q

what are the 2 layers of the skin called?

A

epidermin (exterior layer)
dermis (interior layer)

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5
Q

what part of the skin are blood vessels and sweat glands located?

A

dermis

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6
Q

what layer of the skin is the stratum corneum and the stratum germinativum located?

A

epidermis

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7
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the epidermis called?

A

stratum corneum

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8
Q

describe the stratum corneum (2)

A
  • non-vascular
  • cornified layer that’s constantly being shed and replaced
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9
Q

what is the inferior section of the epidermis called?

A

stratum germinativum

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10
Q

what is a melanocyte and what does it produce?

A
  • is a pigment cell (gives the skin its color)
  • produces melanin
  • are found in the stratum germinativum
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11
Q

what is another name for the dermis?

A

corium

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12
Q

what is located in the dermis/cornium?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
  • lymphatics
  • nerve fibers
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13
Q

what layer is located below the dermis?

A

hypodermis

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14
Q

describe the hypodermis and what is located in that layer

A
  • a subcutaneous layer
  • contains: connective and adipose tissue
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15
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system? (3)

A
  • protective barrier
  • sense organ (touch)
  • site for vitamin D synthesis
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16
Q

what glands and nerve receptors are found in the integument? (5)

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscle (touch receptor)
  • sweat glands
  • Ruffini’s endings (heat receptors)
  • Pacini’s corpuscles (pressure receptors)
  • sebaceous glands
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17
Q

what is a Meissner corpuscle

A

touch receptor

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18
Q

what is a ruffini’s ending?

A

heat receptor

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19
Q

what is a Pacini’s corpuscule?

A

pressure receptor

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20
Q

How does the skin keep harmful organisms out of the body? (3)

A
  1. skin cells are formed in the stratum germinativum (deep layer of the skin). As the cells grow and mature they are sloughed off at the stratum corneum (skin surface). The sloughing of the cells makes it difficult for bacteria to become established in the layers of the skin.
  2. keratin is found in the skin and is a protein that acts as a waterproofing agent and a barrier against bacteria.
  3. the pH of the skin is kept between 3-4 (acidic) due to the presence of fatty acids. This pH makes it difficult for bacteria to thrive.
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21
Q

is hair a component of the integumentary system?

A

yes

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22
Q

where is hair produced?

A

within a follicle in the skin

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23
Q

where does hair growth begin?

A

in the bulb region

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24
Q

what is the portion of the hair found below the skin called?

A

root

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25
Q

what is the portion of hair above the skin called?

26
Q

is the number of hairs per follicle consistent?

A

no, it can vary

27
Q

what is each hair follicle supplied with?

A

sebaceous glands
arrector muscle of hair

28
Q

what are the different types of hair?

A
  • (normal) guard/cover hair
  • wool hair (no medulla)
  • tactile or sinus hair (e.g. whiskers) (used to feel, is very sensitive)
29
Q

what does specialized integument include?

A
  • horns
  • claws
  • hooves
30
Q

where do specialized integuments grow from and what do they consist of?

A
  • grows from a specialized dermis
  • consists of cornified epidermal cells
31
Q

describe the mucous membrane

A
  • moist layer of epithelial cells
  • lines the internal passageways of the body that open to the exterior (e.g. mouth, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, urethra, respiratory passage
32
Q

what does the term epithelial refer to?

A

the type of tissue that lines the passageway

33
Q

what different shapes can epithelial cells be and what are the shapes called?

A
  • cube (cuboidal)
  • column (columnar)
  • elongated and flattened (squamous)
34
Q

what is the mucous membrane made up of?

A
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
35
Q

what does the lamina propria do?

A

supports the epithelium

36
Q

what is the muscularis mucosa?

A

tiny layer of muscle that lays under the lamina proria

37
Q

where is mucus produced and what purpose does it serve?

A
  • produced in the mucus membrane
  • lubricates the internal passageways
  • mucus has a washing action that aids in keeping bacteria from becoming established and causing disease
38
Q

describe the conjunctiva

A

specialized mucus membrane that lines the orbital cavity and contributes to general body defence

39
Q

what is the orbital cavity?

A

the outside of the eyeball

40
Q

where is the mucus gland of the eyeball located?

A

upper eyelid

41
Q

another word for tears

A

lacrimal fluid

42
Q

what does lacrimal fluid do? (4)

A
  • constantly flows over the eye surface
  • drains into the nasal cavity
  • helps wash and mechanically remove bacteria and microorganisms
  • contains lysozyme which will lyse certain types of bacteria
43
Q

what does the blink reflex help with?

A

the washing action of the tears

44
Q

what in the respiratory tract helps prevent disease and how? (4)

A
  1. mucus membrane. helps prevent disease-causing organisms from entering the body. there is an inhibitory substance which prevents bacteria or viruses from multiplying
  2. Cilia (tiny hairs) lining the tract helps propel foreign materials to the outside of the body
  3. cough reflex. reacts to large particles and irritating gases. It helps remove harmful agents.
  4. Sneezing. It occurs when the turbinates (bones lining the inside of the nasal cavity) are irritated. It helps remove harmful or irritating substances.
45
Q

what defenses are found in the mouth and how do they help prevent disease? (2)

A
  1. the mouth is lined with epithelium which sloughs off in layers preventing bacteria from becoming established.
  2. Saliva is bacteriostatic (keeps bacteria from multiplying) and also bacteriocidal for some sp. of bacteria
46
Q

What defenses does the stomach have to help prevent disease? (2)

A
  1. The vomiting reflex helps remove irritating materials
  2. low pH (acidic) which is inhibitory or destructive to bacteria
47
Q

what defenses do the intestines have that help prevent disease?

A
  1. normal flora, compete with the pathogen for nutrients and space
  2. diarrhea, if unwelcome microorganisms multiply and irritate the intestines, peristalsis will increase which results in rapid evacuation of the intestinal contents
48
Q

how does the urogenital tract protect from disease? (3)

A
  1. urinating has a cleansing action. The urine flow is unidirectional making it difficult for bacteria to become established (flushing action).
  2. the mucus membrane resists infection
  3. during pregnancy a plug forms in the cervix that seals the uterus from the outside environment
49
Q

What typically dictates how an infection will spread?

A

the anatomy of the affected tissue

50
Q

how are pathogens often distributed?

A

lymphatics
blood
cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

what are individual factors that affect the ability to get a disease?

A
  • nutrition
  • debilitation
  • stress
  • heredity
52
Q

what vitamins and minerals are particularly important in disease resistance? (3)

A
  • vitamin A
  • zinc
  • dietary protein
53
Q

define virulence

A

the ability of a microorganism to cause disease
is a spectrum
the more virulent the worse the prognosis

54
Q

define an avirulent organism

A

an organism that is relatively harmless
e.g. kennel cough or the common cold

55
Q

what are the factors that increase a microorganism’s virulence?

A
  1. ability to produce a toxin
  2. the presence of a capsule
  3. not having been attenuated yet
  4. is in a tissue that suits it well
  5. the host is in poor condition
56
Q

what does it mean when an organism is attenuated?

A

it has lost its disease-producing ability but will grow and reproduce, which stimulates the immune response

57
Q

what is the main function of skin?

A

protect the underlying layers

58
Q

what are 3 structures that are derived from the skin and serve protective roles

A

hair
feather
fur

59
Q

what are the different layers of a hair follicle?

A
  1. inner medula
  2. thick cortex
  3. cuticle (keratinized layer)
60
Q

what is responsible for raising a hair follicle?

A

the contraction of its arrector muscle

Immunobio (11 decks)

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