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Immunity to microbes Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism of innate immunity to extracellular bacteria
1. Complement activation
2. _________________________
3. Stimulation of inflammatory rxns via anaphylatoxin

A

Mechanism of innate immunity to extracellular bacteria
1. Complement activation
2. Opsonization and phagocytosis
3. Stimulation of inflammatory rxns via anaphylatoxin

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2
Q

Mechanism of innate immunity to extracellular bacteria
1. _________________
2. Opsonization and phagocytosis
3. ___________________________

A

Mechanism of innate immunity to extracellular bacteria
1. Complement activation
2. Opsonization and phagocytosis
3. Stimulation of inflammatory rxns via anaphylatoxin

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3
Q

Difference between Endotoxin and Exotoxins

A

Endotoxin is cell wall components
Exotoxins are secreted they can induce cytokine production. (either cytotoxic where they kill or just interfere with normal cell function)

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4
Q

Humoral immunity to extracellular bacteria:

Eliminates microbes and neutralizes antibodies that recognize what two things?

A
  1. cell wall antigens
  2. Secreted and cell-associated toxins
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5
Q

What induces opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes and complement activation?

A

Ig

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6
Q

Cell-mediated immunity to extracellular bacteria:

What activates CD4 helper T-cells?

A

bacterial protein antigens on dendritic cells

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6
Q

Bacterial protein antigens on dendritic cells activate CD4 helper T cells for:

  • Production of _________ and neutrophil recruitment
  • Production of __________ and activation of ____________
  • B cell help via CD40L
A

Bacterial protein antigens on dendritic cells activate CD4 helper T cells for:
- Production of IL-17 and neutrophil recruitment
- Production of IFN- gamma and activation of macrophage
- B cell help via CD40L

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6
Q

Bacterial protein antigens on dendritic cells activate CD4 helper T cells for:
- Production of _______ and _________ recruitment
- Production of IFN- gamma and activation of __________
- B cell help via _________

A

Bacterial protein antigens on dendritic cells activate CD4 helper T cells for:
- Production of IL-17 and neutrophil recruitment
- Production of IFN- gamma and activation of macrophage
- B cell help via CD40L

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7
Q

Where does intracellular bacteria replicate within?

A

macrophages or epithelial cells

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8
Q

Innate immunity to intracellular bacteria involves what two things?

A

phagocytes and NK cells

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9
Q

Humoral immunity eliminates microbes and neutralizes their toxins via antibodies that recognize what 2 things?

A

Cell wall antigens
Secreted and cell-associated toxins

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10
Q

What induces opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes and complement activation?

A

Ig

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11
Q

Cellular mediated immunity to extracellular bacteria:

Bacterial protein antigens process by dendritic cells activates CD4 helper T cells for

  • Production of IL__ and _____ recruitment
  • Production of IFN-____ and activation of ______
    -__ cell help via CD40L
A
  • Production of IL-17 and neutrophil recruitment
  • Production of IFN-gamma and activation of macrophage
  • B cells help via CD40L
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12
Q

What type of immune response is elicited by intracellular bacteria?

A

Innate immune system: Phagocytes, NK cell

Cell mediated immunity

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13
Q

Do intracellular bacteria require cell mediated or humoral immunity?

A

Cell mediated immunity

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14
Q

Adaptive immunity for intracellular bacteria:
CD4 T cells differentiates into ___ effectors via ____.
Macrophage activation by T-cell derived signal (______).
Antibodies against TB

A

CD4 T cells differentiate into Th1 effectors via IL-12.
Macrophage activation by T-cell derived signal (IFN gamma).

15
Q

Lysis of intracellular bacteria (infected cells) is done by what cell?

A

Cytotoxic CD8 cells (CTL)

16
Q

Innate immunity to fungi:
_________ and ____________ phagocytose fungi for ________ killing.

A

Macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose fungi for intracellular killing.

17
Q

Adaptive Immunity to fungi:
____ and ___ responses are protective.

A

Th1 and Th17 responses are protective.

18
Q

Viruses are obligatory extracellular microorganism (T/F)

A

False – they are intracellular

19
Q

Viruses only use adaptive immunity. (T/F)

A

False – innate and adaptive immune response block infection and lead to elimination of infected cells

20
Q

Innate immunity against viruses involves what 2 things

A

IFN alpha and NK cells

21
Q

Antibodies ______ virus, activate complement and lead to ______ of viral particles.

A

Antibodies neutralize virus, activate complement and lead to opsonization of viral particles.

22
Q

What cells kill viro – infected cells?

A

CD8 T cells

23
Q

What is the limitation in the immune response with killing parasites?

A

Weak innate immunity

protozoa (intracellular) are often resistant to phagocytic killing

helminths (extracellular) have thick teguments and resist cytocidal mechanisms or neutrophils and macrophages

24
Q

Adaptive immunity to protozoa involves activation of _______ by ________ cell-derived cytokines.

A

Adaptive immunity to protozoa involves activation of macrophages by Th1 cell-derived cytokines.

25
Q

What responds against lytic protozoa (malaria)?

A

CTL

26
Q

What does activation of Th2 result in killing of?

A

helminth NOT infected cells

*activation of Th2 cells results in increased protozoa survival

27
Q

Adaptive immunity to helminths: Production of IL-4 induces what?

A

IgE

28
Q

Adaptive immunity to helminths:
Production of IL-5 stimulates what?

A

eosinophils development and activation

29
Q

Adaptive immunity to helminths:
Degranulation of eosinophils and killing of helminth via release of major _____ proteins and major ______ protein.

A

Degranulation of eosinophils and killing of helminth via release of major cation proteins and major basic protein.

30
Q

How do microbes evade the immune response?

A
  • Antigenic variation
  • Inhibition of complement activation
  • Resistance to phagocytosis
31
Q

Definition: Generation of variant with different antigenic composition that are not recognized by Ig or T cells.

A

Antigenic variation

32
Q

Antigenic variation is a common evasion mechanism for what three things?

A

bacteria, virsuses, and parasite

33
Q

In viruses the reassortment of virus RNA genomes (antigenic drift) is responsible for _____ ________.

A

influenza pandemics

34
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Microbe specific Ig are being produced by memory B cells

35
Q

What does the most effective vaccine lead to production of?

A

high affinity neutralizing antibodies and memory cells (lifelong immunity)

36
Q

Caries vaccine effectiveness:

Enhances levels of antigen specific secretory ____. Leads to reduction of strep mutans in _______.

A

Enhances levels of antigen specific secretory IgA. Leads to reduction of strep mutans in plaque .

Micro (8 decks)

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