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Micro > Exam #3 Parasites (Protozoa and Worms/Flukes) > Flashcards

Exam #3 Parasites (Protozoa and Worms/Flukes) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Parasites will kill the host.

A

False! it lives on or in the host but it doesn’t kill it

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2
Q

Define protozoa

A

Single-celled ‘animal-like’ eukaryotes.

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3
Q

What are Helminths?

A

Worms and flukes

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4
Q

Where does the most mature adult form of the parasite live?

A

definitive host

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5
Q

Where is the parasite located when developing?

A

intermediate host

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6
Q

An accident or _____________ is one where the parasite does not replicate or transmit, but dies.

A

dead-end host

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7
Q

What is the only valid taxonomic class of protozoa?

A

ciliates

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8
Q

What are the 3 major infections related to soil-transmitted helminth?

A

1) Giant roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides)
2) Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)
3) Hookworm (Necator and Ancylostoma)

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9
Q

What are the 4 protozoans

A
  1. amoebas
  2. ciliates
  3. flagellates
  4. sporozoa
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10
Q

infects nearly all children, adults are asympotomatic

A

pinworms

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11
Q

an intracellular protozoa, usually asymptomatic, but there’s a risk of congenital transmission/ocular disease

A

toxoplasma gondii

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12
Q

flagellate protozoa, infects 30% of population, produces asymptomatic venereal disease

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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13
Q

most common acute parasitic disease, commonly seen urban and rural

A

Giardia

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14
Q

An algae-like protozoa, symptoms include GI problems, and 30% of people have it, easily treated

A

Blastocysitis

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15
Q

Parasite infections are transmitted by 4 modes. What are they?

A

1) ingestion
2) direct skin penetration
3) direct person to person
4) insect bites

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16
Q

Parasites have evolved many immune evasion strategies. List some examples

A

antigenic variation
antibody stimulation
mimicry
T suppressor cell recruitment

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17
Q

Transmission of many parasites involves the ability of their durable _______ to survive and develop in environment

A

eggs/larvae

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18
Q

T/F: Few parasites survive as adults in the soil or water and can penetrate the skin.

A

True

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19
Q

Although few parasite have higher mortality rates, most parasites contribute to, or complicate other disease, particularly by _________.

A

Malnutrition

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20
Q

Describe endemic parasitic disease

A

Often chronic, and lacks specific identifiable patient symptoms

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21
Q

What is the major factor in transmission/epidemiology of parasites?

A

sanitation/level of clean water infrastructure

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22
Q

How are parasites diagnosed?

A

direct microscopic examination of feces, serology, and PCR

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23
Q

A reasonable number of specialized ______ tests are available for protozoans.

A

antigen

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24
Q

Species specific testing for the malaria parasite ______________ can be done by PCR

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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25
Q

Treatment for parasites

A

metronidizole - protozoans
benzamidazoles - worms

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26
Q

MOA of metronidizol

A

converted to active agent in organisms that grow anaerobically, then causes DNA damage

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27
Q

4 main classes of protozoa

A

1) amoebas
2) ciliates
3) flagellates
4) sporozoa

Also Chloe Fired Sam

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28
Q

MOA of benzamidazoles

A

interferes with worm tubulin function

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29
Q

What are the big three nematode roundworms?

A

1) Giant roundworm
2) Whipworm
3) Hookworm

there is 4th one a threadworm

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30
Q

2 other major types of worms that don’t fall in the “big 3”

A

tapeworms - from eating meat with cyst
flukes - freshwater

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31
Q

What are the most successful human parasites?

A

Nematodes

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32
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

roundworm

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33
Q

Trichuris trichiura

A

Whipworm

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34
Q

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Hookworm

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35
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Threadworm

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36
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm

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37
Q

Name that worm!
small visible white roundworm
in order to lay eggs, the female emerges from the anus and lays eggs on the perianal area cuz there is more oxygen here and dies

A

pinworm

(Enterobius vermicularis)

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38
Q

Name that Worm!
Eggs are ingested fecal-oral route, from surfaces including clothes or by swallowing dust containing eggs. It’s probably the most common parasite in the US. Adults are typically asymptomatic.

A

Pinworms (enterobius vermicularis)

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39
Q

Clinical manifestations of Pinworms

A

itching of perianal area

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40
Q

Prevention of pinworms

A

Handwashing, clean under fingernails, applying vaseline to perianal area, laundry washing

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41
Q

___________ can be used to kill adult nematode round worms

A

Pyrantel

-non-prescription because body doesnt absorb it

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42
Q

What is the #1 medically important helminth?

A

Ascaris lumbricodes

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43
Q

What is the only host for pinoworms and giant roundworm?

A

humans

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44
Q

What climates are giant roundworms found in?

A

tropical areas -> they need warm moist soil

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45
Q

T/F: The initial migration of tiny larval worms through the small intestine causes major symptoms.

A

False!

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46
Q

Name that worm!
Larvae inside eggs ingested from contaminated soil.
Lung migration
can result in blocking the intestine.
lasts 1-2 years
may remain asymptomatic

A

Roundworm (ascaris lumbricodes)

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47
Q

How to diagnose roundworm?

A

eggs seen in stool specimen
adult vomit and stool with visible Ascaris
sputum contains high levels of eosinophils

48
Q

How can we treat roundworms?

A

Mebendazole
Improved sanitation with human waste

49
Q

What nematode introduces Lung migration?

A

Round worm (Ascaris)

50
Q

What is a distinctive feature of hookworm?

A

larvae will mature in soil (can develop for several weeks in absence of a host) BUT the larvae will become motile and penetrate the skin

51
Q

Name that worm!
very very small, often asymptomatic,
no physical damage
sucks blood, can cause anemia
live 2-4 years

A

Hookworm (Necator americanus)

52
Q

What is the other hookworm species that is the ‘old world’?

A

Ancylostoma

53
Q

Clinical manifestations of hookworm

A

“ground itch” because typically enters through foot causing intense itching

migrates to lungs so can cause coughing, which leads to swallowing and then they reside in the small intestines

anemia, fatigue weight loss b/c it feeds on blood

eosinophilia

54
Q

Treatment of hookworm (Necator)

A

Mebendazole

55
Q

Name that worm!
adults worms are long
NO lung migration
worm threads into mucosa of colon
whip-like
lives 4+ years in the colon

A

whipworm - Trichurus

56
Q

Clinical manifestations of whipworm - Trichurus

A

rectal prolapse
weight loss
hatch in small intestine, usually migrate to large intestine

57
Q

Severe infection of Trichurus - whipworms may present with what condition?

A

Rectal prolapse

58
Q

How to diagnose whipworm

A

stool ova and parasite exam reveals presence of typical whipworm eggs

colonoscopy

59
Q

How to treat whipworm

A

bendazole + ivermectin

60
Q

Name that worm!
in KY and TN
replicates in the host and can replicate without a host in the soil
larvae actively seeks host and penetrate the skin

A

threadworm (Strongyloides)
it’s not very common

61
Q

Name that worm!
consist of a family of individuals
segmented; reproduces via fragmentation
requires human definitive host and 2nd vertebrate host

A

tapeworm!

62
Q

Why are tapeworms not an issue for vegetarians?

A

cuz tapeworms require a 2nd host (usually beef, pork, or fish) but vegetarians don’t eat these so they probs won’t get a tapeworm

63
Q

Adult tapeworms shed eggs and the eggs are consumed by intermediate hosts like cow, fish etc. Then, the eggs will mature and form?

A

juveniles that migrate to muscle -> form cysts

64
Q

What is the fish tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

65
Q

Ingesting tapeworm cysts only leads to

A

Taenasis

66
Q

How do we treat tapeworms?

A

bendazoles

67
Q

Name that worm!
swimming larvae penetrate skin -> travel in blood -> drain intestine and bladder
freshwater!!!

A

Schistosoma (blood flukes)

68
Q

What were protozoans originally classified by?

A

motility but now classified by 16s RNA

69
Q

4 main classes of protozoa

A

1) amoebas
2) ciliates
3) flagellates
4) sporozoa

70
Q

Name 2 subsets of flagellates

A

Giardia
Trichomonas

71
Q

Name 3 subsets of sporozoa

A

Toxoplasma (Toxo)
Plasmodium (Plasmo)
Cryptosporidium (Crypto)

72
Q

What is the most frequent cause of acute symptomatic parasite disease in the US and worldwide?

A

Giardia

73
Q

What are the two forms of giardia and which one is infectious?

A

Adult and Cyst

Cyst is infectious

74
Q

What are virulence factors of Giardia?

A

it’s an extracellular parasite
localized to small intestine
can parasitize many different mammals (wild animals, dogs cats reservoir hosts)

75
Q

How is Giardia transmitted?

A

contaminated water (mountain stream water)
fecal-oral route
cysts form can blow around

76
Q

Clinical manifestations of Giardia

A

very symptomatic!!!!
inflammation and reduces gut’s absorptive capacity (adult clusters) causes weight loss

77
Q

How do you diagnose giardia?

A

Need a stool test to see cyst or antigen tests

78
Q

How do we treat Giardia?

A

Metronidazole

79
Q

What is the most common readily treated veneral (transmitted sexually)disease?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

80
Q

T/F: Only women are symptomatic for T. vaginalis.

A

True!

Men are asymptomatic

81
Q

Which organism is the size of a WBC and has “twitching motility?”

A

T. vaginalis

82
Q

Treatment for Trichomonas

A

Metronidazole
practice safe sex

83
Q

T/F: Sporozoa are motile protozoans.

A

False! They’re non-motile

84
Q

_____________ is the major cause of diarrhea in AIDs pts and with immunosuppressive therapies.

A

Cryptosporidium parvam

85
Q

How is C. parvum transmitted?

A

Via oocytes in feces
contaminated swimming pools

86
Q

Direct microscopy of C. parvum pts will identify ______________ oocytes in the stool.

A

acid-fast

87
Q

What are clinical manifestation of C. parvum?

A

some asymptomatic others have self-limiting diarrhea

88
Q

Treatment for C. parvum

A

usually not necessary but electrolyte replacement can help immunocompromised pts

89
Q

This parasite is estimated to infect 25-50% where cats are pets.

A

Toxoplasma gondii

90
Q

Sexual reproduction of Toxoplasma takes place in ______.

A

the cat making it the definitive host

91
Q

T/F: Congenital transmission of T. gondii can occur

A

True!

92
Q

Which cells are responsible for ingesting the T. gondii parasite and undergoing intracellular replication then transporting throughout the body?

A

macrophages

93
Q

T/F: You can ingest a tissue cyst (T. gondii) from infected meat of intermediate host.

A

True

94
Q

T/F: You can ingest cyst (T. gondii) by inhaling/ingesting cat litter.

A

True

pregnant people need to watch out b/c congenital

95
Q

T/F T. gondii is congenital but naive babies are often asymptomatic.

A

False they are often symptomatic

96
Q

Serological tests for the Ig____ antibody are available for T. gondii.

A

IgM

97
Q

Treatment for T. gondii

A

sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine (blocks folic acid synthesis)

avoid undercooked meat
pregnant ppl should not change the litter box

98
Q

The most deadly of human parasitic diseases, causes malaria

A

Plasmodium

99
Q

What are the 2 hosts of Plasmodium?

A

human and mosquito (mosquito is the denitive host)

100
Q

The trophozite “feeding” forms of Plasmodium initially multiply by binary fission in the ________.

A

liver

101
Q

What mosquito is the definitive host of malaria found in parts in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?

A

Anopheles

102
Q

What sporozoa is associated with RBC?

A

Plasmodium

103
Q

What happens after Plasmodium infected by mosquito bite travel to the liver?

A

infect hepatocytes -> multiply by binary fission for 8-30 days w/o causing symptoms -> released into bloodstream -> multiply synchronously in RBC’s

104
Q

Which species of Plasmodium is the deadliest and likely to cause death?

A

P. falciparum

105
Q

In order to diagnose Plasmodium, we have to examine _______ ________ in RBC’s for banana-shaped gametocytes.

A

blood films

106
Q

How do we treat Plasmodium?

A

chloroquine and prophylactic treatment with chloroquine

107
Q

The “animal-like” single celled protozoa

A

amoeba

108
Q

Most distinctive feature of amoeba

A

pseudopods or “feet”

109
Q

Amoebas have a simple life cycle. They only exist in two forms; what are these 2 forms?

A

adult or trophozite

110
Q

Intestinal amoeba transmitted by fecal-oral route

A

Entamoeba histolytica

111
Q

How to treat Entamoeba histolytica

A

Metronidazole
there are NO vaccines

112
Q

____________ carries out its entire life cycle in warm waters and humans are usually an accidental host

A

Naegleria (amoeba)

113
Q

Where does Naegleria fowleri initially infect?

A

Initially infects the nasal mucosa

114
Q

Why is Naegleria fowleri so dangerous?

A

it is super invasive and can spread to the brain and can progress to a fatal coma in a couple of days

115
Q

how to treat naegleria fowleri?

A

Amphotericin B, ripampicin, miconozole
-> some success

Micro (8 decks)

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