immunity patho

Question 1

explain each classification of organisms
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protozoa
- helminthes

Answer 1

bacteria: multi-celled organism
viruses: antiviral - hard to treat and hard on liver
fungi: REALLY hard on liver, hard to treat
protozoa: single celled organism
helminthes: worms

Question 2

why do bacteria have rigid cell walls
- what medication can break this wall?

Answer 2

high oncotic pressure inside bacteria = need rigid wall to prevent lysis
- antibacterials = break down the wall

Question 3

diff between gram neg and gram pos
hint: cell membrane structure

Answer 3

gram neg: two phospholipid bilayers
gram pos: one phospholipid bilayer, large cell wall

Question 4

how do bacteriostatic drugs work

Answer 4

pause the growth of bacteria so that the immune system can take over
- therefore, need a good immune system for this to be effective (AVOID IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PPL)

Question 5

which of the following has a high potential to cause superinfections: narrow spectrum or broad spectrum

Answer 5

broad spectrum

Question 6

what should the nurse get before staring pt on antibiotic therapy (most common test to ID drug susceptibility)

Answer 6

culture and sensitivity

Question 7

what is culture and what is sensitivity

Answer 7

culture: ID of the microbe
sensitivity: best therapeutic antibiotic for the specific microbe

Question 8

adv and disadv of combo therapy

Answer 8

adv: killing microbes in so many diff ways = prevent resistance = enhancing action

disadv: inc risk for toxicity/allergy/superinfections, risk for resistance
–> not on right drug = MUTATE + RESIST

Question 9

3 situations for antibiotic use and explain

Answer 9

1. prophylactic: can be big reason for resistance
2. empiric: know infection is happening, but pathogen not ID (broad spectrum)
3. therapeutic: know the bug, matched the drug

Question 10

misuses of antibiotics

Answer 10

mistreatment of infection, improper dosage, tx with inadequate info, omission of drainage

Question 11

what are some mechanisms of resistance bacteria can have and explain

Answer 11

drug inactivating enzyme: antibx useless

change receptor structure: drug can’t bind

efflux pump: pump antibx out of bacteria

alternative metabolic pathway: find another way to survive

transfer genetic material: two bacteria combine DNA = resistant babies lmao

Question 12

what is a nosocomial infection

Answer 12

health care associated infections

Question 13

what is a superinfection
- most likely caused by what kind of drug

Answer 13

new infection that appears during the course of treatment for a primary infection –> become drug resistant that are harder to treat
- most likely caused by broad spectrum antibx

Question 14

ways to prevent resistance in hospitalized adults

Answer 14

• vaccinate
• get catheters and IVs out
• target and isolate pathogen with help of infectious disease drs
• stay home when sick
• access experts
• adherence to regiment
• hand hygiene

Question 15

antibiotic “time outs”
- within _____hrs after initiation
- what do we question during this time?

Answer 15

within 48hrs after initiation
can’t re-hang antibx until MD confirmed
“does the pt still need this antibiotic”

Question 16

automatic “stop orders”

Answer 16

last day of antibiotic, dr needs to reasses for re-adjustment or dose or if pt is done

Question 17

how to prevent skin breakdown when IV admin of antibiotic

Answer 17

make sure it is correctly in vein

Question 18

beta lactam vs beta lactamase

Answer 18

beta lactam: 4 atom ring in some antibx = ESSENTIAL for antibiotic activity

beta lactamase: enzyme prod by microbes to bring open antibx lactam ring and deactivate it

Question 19

what are the 4 types of beta lactam antibiotics

Answer 19

PCN, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems

Question 20

what is penicillinase
- what class of PCN drugs should be used for this infection

Answer 20

enzyme prod by staph aureus that inactivates penicillin
- use penicillinase resistant PCNs: nafcillin, oxacilin, augmentin

Question 21

pt education of general antibiotic use

Answer 21

always take full course or else risk resistance

if symptoms not better in 3 days = call MD

s/s of superinfections: discoloration of tongue, fatigue, vaginal discharge

Question 22

importance of probiotics

Answer 22

re-implement normal bacteria that can get killed or imbalance from antibx therapy

Question 23

explain the follow probiotics and explain what they can help with
- lactobacillus
- bifidobacterium
- saccaromyces boulardii

Answer 23

lactobacillus: most common, re-implement normal flora
bifidobacterium: helps with IBS (found in dairy)
saccaromyces boulardii: helps with diarrhea and digestion issues