endocrine patho Flashcards

1
Q

up regulation

A

body will create more of those receptors if needed

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2
Q

down-regulation

A

too many receptors –> get rid of some –> desensitization

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3
Q

what mechanism does the endocrine system work on

A

negative feedback mech (endocrine tissue will stop secreting hormones when homeostasis is restored)

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4
Q

why is pancreas a compound duct

A

it is both exocrine (release products into ducts) and endocrine (release into bloodstream)

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5
Q

primary site for insulin receptors

A

skeletal muscles (pull sugar from blood to muscle for energy)

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6
Q

what happens with lack of glucose to the brain

A

slurred speech, combative, mini stroke

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7
Q

glucagon vs glycogen

A

glucagon release triggers glycogen to convert to glucose

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8
Q

how to treat hypokalemia when given insulin

A

insulin pushes K back into cells = hypokalemia
give pt INSULIN + D5W

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9
Q

which cells release insulin (what happens when they are blocked?)

A

beta cells –> why beta blockers mask effects of hyperkalemia

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10
Q

s/s of hyperglycemia

A

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
ketones released in urine due to fat breakdown for energy

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11
Q

type i diabetes

A

absolute deficiency of insulin, autoimmune
occurs mainly in childhood/puberty

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12
Q

type ii diabetes

A

insulin resistance
adult onset
–> due to obesity, sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise

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13
Q

secondary diabetes

A

caused by drugs (glucocorticoids)

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14
Q

gestational diabetes

A

glucose intolerance due to onset of pregnancy, will have higher change in the future to dev. diabetes

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15
Q

basal insulin

A

pancreas secretes a little bit throughout the day to help with the energy if need for abrupt increase of energy

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16
Q

WHICH DRUG IS OKAY FOR MOM AND BABY

A

insulin
- placenta = antagonize insulin

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17
Q

non pharm tx for diabetes

A

lifestyle change, diet, exercise, weight loss
–> this can only work if pt is motivated

18
Q

other pharm tx (other than insulin)

A

manage HTN (ACE inhibitor or ARB)
manage lipids (STATINS)

19
Q

prandial insulin

A

insulin secretion in response to meals

20
Q

correctional insulin

A

correct elevations in blood glucose due to illness/stress, done around meals

21
Q

sliding scale
- which types of insulins use this

A

guide for insulin units depending on BG levels
- rapid or short acting

22
Q

why do we not give insulin PO

A

destroyed by gastric acid

23
Q

where is the fastest rate of absorption in the body for insulin

A

SUBCUT = abdomen –> arm –> thigh –> butt

24
Q

how often should u change insulin tubing

25
t/f: bioavailability is the same with all insulins
false
26
s/s of hypoglycemia
tachycardia, tremors, confusion, agitation, diaphoresis = EARLY coma, LOC, death = late
27
s/s of hyperglycemia
polyuria, polyphage, polydipsia
28
adverse effects of insulin
lipohypertrophy, lipoatrophy, somogyi phenomenon
29
lipohypertrophy
increase fat mass at inj site --> spongy cellulite --> delayed absorption
30
lipoatrophy
antibody formation --> fat destruction --> skin depression
31
how often should you change insertion sites on portable insulin pumps
q3 days
32
incretin hormone (GLP-1, GIP)
released at same time as insulin by small intestines --> tells pancreas to release more insulin
33
what is incretin hormone inactivated by
DPP-4
34
amylin hormone
role in PPBG metabolism
35
what should you do if there is BG >275
check urine for ketones
36
normal fasting bg levels
70-110
37
normal non fasting bg levels
<140
38
pre-diabetes fasting
110-125
39
diabetes bg levels (how to dx diabetes)
2 fasting bg of >126
40
diabetes non fasting bg levels
>200
41
HgA1C levels that indicate diabetes
>7%