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pharmacology > endocrine patho > Flashcards

endocrine patho Flashcards

1
Q

up regulation

A

body will create more of those receptors if needed

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2
Q

down-regulation

A

too many receptors –> get rid of some –> desensitization

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3
Q

what mechanism does the endocrine system work on

A

negative feedback mech (endocrine tissue will stop secreting hormones when homeostasis is restored)

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4
Q

why is pancreas a compound duct

A

it is both exocrine (release products into ducts) and endocrine (release into bloodstream)

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5
Q

primary site for insulin receptors

A

skeletal muscles (pull sugar from blood to muscle for energy)

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6
Q

what happens with lack of glucose to the brain

A

slurred speech, combative, mini stroke

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7
Q

glucagon vs glycogen

A

glucagon release triggers glycogen to convert to glucose

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8
Q

how to treat hypokalemia when given insulin

A

insulin pushes K back into cells = hypokalemia
give pt INSULIN + D5W

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9
Q

which cells release insulin (what happens when they are blocked?)

A

beta cells –> why beta blockers mask effects of hyperkalemia

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10
Q

s/s of hyperglycemia

A

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
ketones released in urine due to fat breakdown for energy

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11
Q

type i diabetes

A

absolute deficiency of insulin, autoimmune
occurs mainly in childhood/puberty

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12
Q

type ii diabetes

A

insulin resistance
adult onset
–> due to obesity, sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise

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13
Q

secondary diabetes

A

caused by drugs (glucocorticoids)

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14
Q

gestational diabetes

A

glucose intolerance due to onset of pregnancy, will have higher change in the future to dev. diabetes

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15
Q

basal insulin

A

pancreas secretes a little bit throughout the day to help with the energy if need for abrupt increase of energy

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16
Q

WHICH DRUG IS OKAY FOR MOM AND BABY

A

insulin
- placenta = antagonize insulin

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17
Q

non pharm tx for diabetes

A

lifestyle change, diet, exercise, weight loss
–> this can only work if pt is motivated

18
Q

other pharm tx (other than insulin)

A

manage HTN (ACE inhibitor or ARB)
manage lipids (STATINS)

19
Q

prandial insulin

A

insulin secretion in response to meals

20
Q

correctional insulin

A

correct elevations in blood glucose due to illness/stress, done around meals

21
Q

sliding scale
- which types of insulins use this

A

guide for insulin units depending on BG levels
- rapid or short acting

22
Q

why do we not give insulin PO

A

destroyed by gastric acid

23
Q

where is the fastest rate of absorption in the body for insulin

A

SUBCUT = abdomen –> arm –> thigh –> butt

24
Q

how often should u change insulin tubing

A

q24hr

25
Q

t/f: bioavailability is the same with all insulins

A

false

26
Q

s/s of hypoglycemia

A

tachycardia, tremors, confusion, agitation, diaphoresis = EARLY
coma, LOC, death = late

27
Q

s/s of hyperglycemia

A

polyuria, polyphage, polydipsia

28
Q

adverse effects of insulin

A

lipohypertrophy, lipoatrophy, somogyi phenomenon

29
Q

lipohypertrophy

A

increase fat mass at inj site –> spongy cellulite –> delayed absorption

30
Q

lipoatrophy

A

antibody formation –> fat destruction –> skin depression

31
Q

how often should you change insertion sites on portable insulin pumps

A

q3 days

32
Q

incretin hormone (GLP-1, GIP)

A

released at same time as insulin by small intestines –> tells pancreas to release more insulin

33
Q

what is incretin hormone inactivated by

A

DPP-4

34
Q

amylin hormone

A

role in PPBG metabolism

35
Q

what should you do if there is BG >275

A

check urine for ketones

36
Q

normal fasting bg levels

A

70-110

37
Q

normal non fasting bg levels

A

<140

38
Q

pre-diabetes fasting

A

110-125

39
Q

diabetes bg levels (how to dx diabetes)

A

2 fasting bg of >126

40
Q

diabetes non fasting bg levels

A

> 200

41
Q

HgA1C levels that indicate diabetes

A

> 7%

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