Immunity Intro Flashcards
Immunity Def
Disease Resistance
Immune system Def
Cells, tissues and molecules the mediate immunity
Immune Response Def
Coordinated immune system
Immunology Def
Study of the immune system. Function: prevents infections eradicates established infections and resolves damage and injury
Role of Immunology
Viral outbreaks, allergies and autoimmune disorders and innovations eg vaccination
Results of dysregulated immune systems
arthritis, cancer, diabetes, alzhimer’s disease, infection, fever, multiple sclerosis, organ transplant and psoriasis
Immunological exogenes
Foreign molecules to body. Microbes, parasite, allergens and toxins
3 lines of defence
Physical barriers (eg skin, mucus barriers), innate immunity and adaptive immunity
Innate Immunity Outline
Born with. Doesn’t differentiate between pathogens, fast. No memory cells. Recognises foreign matter and produces same response each time
Respiratory Tract Barrier Outline
Flora in upper respiratory tract, nasal hair and continuous epithelia cells. Saliva, cough/ sneeze reflex, mucus and Cicilia. Antimicrobrial peptides
Skin as a Barrier Outline
Impermeable to pathogens. Breached occasionally (skin torn). Desquamation (skin shedding occurs). Physiological: low pH, salt, dry. Enzymes (peroxidases) and antimicrobial peptides (lysozyme)
GIT Barrier Outline
Lined by continuos epithelia and gut flora (compete for space). Vomiting and diahorrea. Stomach pH, digestive enzymes, AMPs, phospholipases and lysozomes
Gastrourinary Tract as a barrier Outline
Normal flora, diluting/flushing effects of urine. Human beta defensin 1 in urine, antimicrobrial peptides and epithelium acidic pH
Eyes as a barrier Outline
Eye lashes and eyebrows. Blinking reflex and tears
Adaptive Immunity Outline
Acquired, specific. Slow (lag phase: multistage activation). Produce memory cells
Hematopoiesis Def
Growth and maturation of blood cells in bone marrow
Innate Immune System Cells
Stems from myeloid lineage. Neutrophil, monocyte (to macrophage) and immature dendritic cell (to mature)
Neutrophils Outline
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phagocytic granulocyte. Increase in number during acute inflammation (and infection)
Macrophage Outline
Large phagocytic leukocytes. Monocytes migrate from marrow to tissues and become macrophages. Produce cytokines and chemokines for inflamamtion. Antigen presenting cell
Dendritic Cells Outline
Phagocytic, APCs. Mature after abosrbing antigen and move to lymph nodes to actyivate T cells.
Examples of myeloid granulocytes
Neutrophils (bacterial infection), Eosinophils (kills parasites) and basophils (allergies, release histmaine)
Eosin Outline
Dye. Pink = positive = eosinophils present. Purple = negative = basophils/neutrophils
Adaptive Immune System Cells
Originate from common lymphoid progenitor. B (blood) and T (thymus) cells. Specific antigen recognition, proliferate and memory cells
B Cells Recognition
Stimulated by immunoglobins and secreted by antibodies. Disposal Ab mediated phagocytosis. Effective against extracellular infections
T Cells Recognition
Activated bt T cell resceptors and secrete cytokines. Disposible effect = phagocytosis and cytotoxic effect. Intracellular infections
Natural killer cells Function
Releases cytotoxic granules (perforin and granzyme). Kills tumor cells, viral infections, intracellular pathogens and host cells
Innate Immunity Timeline
immediate innate (0-4 hours), induced immunity (4-96 hrs) and adaptive (>96 hours)
Primary lymphoid (Generative) Organs
Bone marrow and thalamus
Secondary Lymphoid (peripheral) Organs
Lymph nodes, skin, spleen and mucosa (GIT (gut associated lymphoid tissue), lung, mouth and skin)
Germinal Pockets
Lymph nodes. Place where innate and adaptive immune systems meet and tranfer information
Spleen Outline
Vascularised organ on left side of abdomen. Fist shaped (4 inches long). Structurally and functionally like big lymph node. Filters blood for pathogens and antigens
