Immune Communication Flashcards
Cytokines Outline
Proteins secreted by cells in response to stimulus (infection/injury), binds to receptors on other cells allowing communication. Used to regulate immunity directing cells to target area with concentration gradient
IL8 Outline
Neutrophil chemoattractant, secreted at infection site. The leukocytes move towards site of highest concentration (infection site)
Why are cytokines necessary
Immune system is so large (spans entire body). Allows communication and recruitment of cells all over body
Proinflammatory Cytokines Outline
TNF, IL-6, IL-1 and chemokines. Endocrine response
Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Outline
IL-10, IL-1ra and TGF Beta. Endocrine response
Inhibition Of Virus Replication Cytokines
INF alpha and beta. Paracrine/juxtocrine
Macrophage Activating Cytokines
INF Gamma (Th1). Paracrine/juctocrine
B Cell Activating Cytokines
Il-4 + IL-5 (CD4 subclass Th2), IL6 and IL-21
T Cell Activating Cytokines
IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IFN - Gamma
Eosinophil/Mast cell Activating Cytokines
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-3
Cytokines Mode of Action
Bind to specific receptors on certain cells (not all cells have). Results in signal transduction cascade altering gene expression. Each cytokine produces a unique biological response (different cytokines have different functions)
Similarities between IL-2 receptors subfamilies
Gamma chains are identical. Allows for better pathway blocking
Most Cytokines Receptor Signaling
Usually use JaK/Stat membrane transduction. After cytokine binds receptors (Jaks) dimerise. Activated Jaks phosphorylate Stats. Stats dimerise, translocate to nucleus and alter gene expression
Jak Inhibitors Outline
Prevent progession to gene transciption. Can stop autoimmune disorders like rhuematoid arthiritis. Eg Baricitnib and Tofacitnib
Key Cytokine Characteristics
Pleiotropic, antagonism, redundancy, synergy and cascade effect
Pleiotropic Def
Each cytokine is able to generate multiple different responses dependent on which cell it interacts with (multiple functions). This is as a result of recombinant production
Redundancy Outline
As a result of cytokines as pleiotropic nature a lot of cytokines have some overlapping characteristics. It is also due to receptor chain subunits being similar
IL 2 Redundancy Examples
Individuals deficient in IL-2 do not experience any side effects as other cytokines take over. However mutations experienced in the similar chains across these cytokines can result in immunodeficency
Synergy Outline
2+ cytokines working together to elicit a stronger response then either could alone
Antagonism Outline
2+ cytokines signal same cell with opposite instructions used to achieve balance. Prevents overstimulation of immune system. Strength of each signal increases/decreases dependent on changes on environment
Cascade Effect Outline
Cytokines stimulate production of other cytokines which enhance/alter immune system
Cytokine Dysregulation Outline
As cytokines maintain homeostasis they are dysregulated in many diseases eg cancer, IBS and sepsis. Certain drugs target cytokines to reduce effects if disease
Interferon Alpha 2b Outline
TNF-alpha. Treats: Hepatitis B and C and some cancers
Interferon Gamma 1b Outline
TNF-gamma. Treats: chronic granulomytus disease
Interferon Beta 1b Outline
TNF-beta. Treats: multiplesclesrosis
Adesleukin Outline
IL-2. Treats: Malignant melanoma
Oprelvekin Outline
IL-11. Treats: cancer associated thrombocytopenia
Filgrastin Outline
G-CSF. Treats: Neutropenia
Epoetin Alfa
Erythropoetin. Treats: anaemia
Canakinumab Anakinra Outline
IL-1. Rhuematoid arthiritis
Balisiximab Outline
IL-2. Organ Transplant
Tocizilimab Outline
IL-6. Rheumatoid arthritis
