Crude Drugs Anatomical and Morphological Exam

Question 1

Taxonomy Def

Answer 1

Science of naming. Vital to correct ID of organisms

Question 2

Species Def

Answer 2

Morphologically similar members can inbreed

Question 3

Plant Kingdom Most Involved in Medicine

Answer 3

Phylum Angiospermatophyta. Flowering plants

Question 4

Naming Conventions

Answer 4

Subphylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Question 5

Hybrids Outline

Answer 5

Parents of the same genus but of different species. Name: species1 X species2. Allows for variation within a species

Question 6

Plant Cells

Answer 6

Epidermis, parenchyma (support and store nutrients), collenchyma and sclerenchymatous fibres (and sclerids)

Question 7

Plant complex tissues

Answer 7

xylem and phloem

Question 8

Anomocytic Stomata

Answer 8

All cells are the same size

Question 9

Anisocytic Stomata Outline

Answer 9

1 cell is much smaller then others

Question 10

Diacytic Stomata Outline

Answer 10

Guard cells are perpindicular

Question 11

Paracytic Stomata Outline

Answer 11

Guard cells are parallel

Question 12

Trichome Def

Answer 12

Leaf hair with no gland at end, Eg uricate (nettle hair, able to sting)

Question 13

Glandular Def

Answer 13

Leaf hair with gland at end. Eg melissa officinales

Question 14

Uniseriate Def

Answer 14

1 cell row in stalk of hairs

Question 15

Biseriate Def

Answer 15

2 cell rows in stalk of hairs

Question 16

Multiseriate Def

Answer 16

Multiple cell rows in stalk of hairs

Question 17

Cork Outline

Answer 17

Produced by phellogen (cork cambium). Acts as protective layer over epidermis (lentils replace stomata). Side profile: looks like a brick wall (cells are dead giving red-brown colour). Contains cellulose, suberin and could be lingified

Question 18

Parenchyma Outline

Answer 18

Thin cell walls. Potentially meristematic. Similar in many different places, in many different plants. May contain inclusions. Eg mesophylls

Question 19

Collenchyma Outline

Answer 19

Derived from parenchyma. Cellulose walls make it stronger and gives tissues more flexibility

Question 20

Ligin Outline

Answer 20

Polymer, complex phenylpropanoid (ArC3). Composition is variable. Gives strength to cell walls

Question 21

Lignin Tests Outline

Answer 21

phloroglucinol + conc HCl (pink), acid aniline sulphate (yellow) and chor-zinc-iodine (yellow)

Question 22

Schlerenchyma Outline

Answer 22

Thick lignified cells of isodiametric form (square). Occurs in seed coat, barks, groups, layers and scattered

Question 23

Fibers Outline

Answer 23

Axially elongated cells. Associated with

Question 24

Components of xylem

Answer 24

Tracheid, vessels, fibres and parenchyma. Note pits and thickening patterns

Question 25

Thickening Outline

Answer 25

Primary + Secondary xylem together (internally) and primary + secondary phloem together (externally)

Question 26

Phloem Components Outline

Answer 26

Sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma and secretory cells (secrete latex)

Question 27

Inclusions Outline

Answer 27

Ergastic cell contents. Starch, aleurine grains (protein), fixed oil/fats, gum/mucilage, volatile oils, resins and crystals

Question 28

Crystal Inclusions

Answer 28

Calcium Oxalate, calcium carbonate, hesperidin, diosmin and silica

Question 29

Calcium Oxalate

Answer 29

Mono/trihydrate. Crystal forms: proms, rosettes, acicular (needle), microsphenoids (sandy). Important in powdered drug ID. Anisotropic under polarised light

Question 30

Starch Grain Outline

Answer 30

Occurs in all organs. Stain with iodine. Note: shape, position and shape of hilum and concentration rings

Question 31

Organised botanical drugs Outline

Answer 31

Derived from specific plant organs

Question 32

Herb Def

Answer 32

All ariel parts of plant; stems, leaves, flowers and fruits

Question 33

Bark Def

Answer 33

Lignined external cells. Tissue external to cambium. Inner bark is tissue inide periderim

Question 34

Stem Classifications

Answer 34

Dimensions, colour, shape, leaves (position and arrangement), herbaceous/woody, upright/creeping, hairy/non.

Question 35

Stem universal characteristics

Answer 35

Cork, vascular tissue, parenchyma containing starch and variable Ca Oxalate content

Question 36

Bark Structural Characteristics

Answer 36

sieve tubes, cellulose parenchyma, cork, calcium oxlate, fibres, sclerids, starch and secretory tissue

Question 37

Pharmaceutically Important Barks

Answer 37

Frangula, cascara, cinnamon and cinchona

Question 38

Leaf Classification Characteristics

Answer 38

Duration (evergreen/deciduos), leaf base (stipulate/exstipulate), petiole), Composition, incision, shape, venation, margain, apex, base, surface and texture

Question 39

Whole Leaves Examination

Answer 39

Examine sections (clear and stained), margins and epidermis

Question 40

Powdered Leaves Examination

Answer 40

Epidermis, stomata, cellulose parenchyma, vascular elements, trichome/glandular, crystals, collenchyma and fibres

Question 41

Inflorescences Outline

Answer 41

Flower arrangement. Flowertypes: monocot/dicot and unisexual/ hermaphrodite. Androecium = male and gynaeceum = female

Question 42

What are nuts and legumes classified as

Answer 42

Fruit

Question 43

Seed Outline

Answer 43

A kernel surrounded by a coat (testa), attached to placenta by stalk (funicle). Testa contains micropyle for radical to pass through

Question 44

Seed Classification Characteristics

Answer 44

Sclerenchyma, testa epidermis and storage tissue contents

Question 45

Underground Organs Outline

Answer 45

Roots, Stem (rhizomes, tubers, corm), Leaf (bulb)

Question 46

Under Ground Organs ID Characteristics

Answer 46

Root hairs/non, cortex, endodermis, xylem and phloem (if present) and bark (if present)

Question 47

Features Useful in Crude drug ID

Answer 47

Epidermis (stomata, trichomes), oil/resin cells, cork, lignified cells (xylem, phloem, trichomes (rare), parenchyma (rare), crystals and starch