Crude Drugs Anatomical and Morphological Exam Flashcards
Taxonomy Def
Science of naming. Vital to correct ID of organisms
Species Def
Morphologically similar members can inbreed
Plant Kingdom Most Involved in Medicine
Phylum Angiospermatophyta. Flowering plants
Naming Conventions
Subphylum, class, order, family, genus and species
Hybrids Outline
Parents of the same genus but of different species. Name: species1 X species2. Allows for variation within a species
Plant Cells
Epidermis, parenchyma (support and store nutrients), collenchyma and sclerenchymatous fibres (and sclerids)
Plant complex tissues
xylem and phloem
Anomocytic Stomata
All cells are the same size
Anisocytic Stomata Outline
1 cell is much smaller then others
Diacytic Stomata Outline
Guard cells are perpindicular
Paracytic Stomata Outline
Guard cells are parallel
Trichome Def
Leaf hair with no gland at end, Eg uricate (nettle hair, able to sting)
Glandular Def
Leaf hair with gland at end. Eg melissa officinales
Uniseriate Def
1 cell row in stalk of hairs
Biseriate Def
2 cell rows in stalk of hairs
Multiseriate Def
Multiple cell rows in stalk of hairs
Cork Outline
Produced by phellogen (cork cambium). Acts as protective layer over epidermis (lentils replace stomata). Side profile: looks like a brick wall (cells are dead giving red-brown colour). Contains cellulose, suberin and could be lingified
Parenchyma Outline
Thin cell walls. Potentially meristematic. Similar in many different places, in many different plants. May contain inclusions. Eg mesophylls
Collenchyma Outline
Derived from parenchyma. Cellulose walls make it stronger and gives tissues more flexibility
Ligin Outline
Polymer, complex phenylpropanoid (ArC3). Composition is variable. Gives strength to cell walls
Lignin Tests Outline
phloroglucinol + conc HCl (pink), acid aniline sulphate (yellow) and chor-zinc-iodine (yellow)
Schlerenchyma Outline
Thick lignified cells of isodiametric form (square). Occurs in seed coat, barks, groups, layers and scattered
Fibers Outline
Axially elongated cells. Associated with
Components of xylem
Tracheid, vessels, fibres and parenchyma. Note pits and thickening patterns
Thickening Outline
Primary + Secondary xylem together (internally) and primary + secondary phloem together (externally)
Phloem Components Outline
Sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma and secretory cells (secrete latex)
Inclusions Outline
Ergastic cell contents. Starch, aleurine grains (protein), fixed oil/fats, gum/mucilage, volatile oils, resins and crystals
Crystal Inclusions
Calcium Oxalate, calcium carbonate, hesperidin, diosmin and silica
Calcium Oxalate
Mono/trihydrate. Crystal forms: proms, rosettes, acicular (needle), microsphenoids (sandy). Important in powdered drug ID. Anisotropic under polarised light
Starch Grain Outline
Occurs in all organs. Stain with iodine. Note: shape, position and shape of hilum and concentration rings
Organised botanical drugs Outline
Derived from specific plant organs
Herb Def
All ariel parts of plant; stems, leaves, flowers and fruits
Bark Def
Lignined external cells. Tissue external to cambium. Inner bark is tissue inide periderim
Stem Classifications
Dimensions, colour, shape, leaves (position and arrangement), herbaceous/woody, upright/creeping, hairy/non.
Stem universal characteristics
Cork, vascular tissue, parenchyma containing starch and variable Ca Oxalate content
Bark Structural Characteristics
sieve tubes, cellulose parenchyma, cork, calcium oxlate, fibres, sclerids, starch and secretory tissue
Pharmaceutically Important Barks
Frangula, cascara, cinnamon and cinchona
Leaf Classification Characteristics
Duration (evergreen/deciduos), leaf base (stipulate/exstipulate), petiole), Composition, incision, shape, venation, margain, apex, base, surface and texture
Whole Leaves Examination
Examine sections (clear and stained), margins and epidermis
Powdered Leaves Examination
Epidermis, stomata, cellulose parenchyma, vascular elements, trichome/glandular, crystals, collenchyma and fibres
Inflorescences Outline
Flower arrangement. Flowertypes: monocot/dicot and unisexual/ hermaphrodite. Androecium = male and gynaeceum = female
What are nuts and legumes classified as
Fruit
Seed Outline
A kernel surrounded by a coat (testa), attached to placenta by stalk (funicle). Testa contains micropyle for radical to pass through
Seed Classification Characteristics
Sclerenchyma, testa epidermis and storage tissue contents
Underground Organs Outline
Roots, Stem (rhizomes, tubers, corm), Leaf (bulb)
Under Ground Organs ID Characteristics
Root hairs/non, cortex, endodermis, xylem and phloem (if present) and bark (if present)
Features Useful in Crude drug ID
Epidermis (stomata, trichomes), oil/resin cells, cork, lignified cells (xylem, phloem, trichomes (rare), parenchyma (rare), crystals and starch
