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Biology 22 (General Zoology) > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of the immune system?

A

Immunocytes (e.g. lymphocytes and macrophages) and a diverse array of molecules (e.g. antibodies and lymphokines)

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2
Q

What is the significance of the immune system?

A

It recognizes foreign antigens and acts to immobilize, neutralize, and destroy them.

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3
Q

What is one major shortcoming of the immune system?

A

It must be primed by an initial exposure to antigen before it is capable of protecting the body.

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4
Q

Where do immunocytes originate?

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (Bone Marrow)

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5
Q

What are the three types of of hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Erythroid, Lymphoid, Myeloid

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6
Q

Erythroid stem cells mature into _____.

A

Erythrocytes

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7
Q

Lymphoid stem cells mature into _____.

A

Natural Killer Cells, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes

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8
Q

Myeloid stem cells mature into _____.

A

Monocytes, Myeloid Progenitor, Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, and Mast Cells

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9
Q

Monocytes mature into _____.

A

Macrophages

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10
Q

Myeloid Progenitor matures into _____.

A

Megakaryocyte

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11
Q

This is the ability of the body to defend against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal cancer cells.

A

Immunity

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12
Q

These do not distinguish between different kinds of pathogens.

A

First and Second Lines of Defense (Non-Specific Immunity)

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13
Q

This line of defense consist of natural/mechanical barriers.

A

First Line of Defense

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14
Q

The first line of defense consist of natural barriers such as _____.

A

Skin and Mucous Membranes

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15
Q

This part of the first line of defense inhibits the growth of bacteria on the skin.

A

Oil Secretions

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16
Q

This part of the first line of defense sweeps mucous and particles up into the throat to be swallowed.

A

Ciliated cells on the upper respiratory tract.

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17
Q

This attribute of the stomach inhibits the growth of many types of bacteria.

A

Low pH (1.2-3.0)

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18
Q

These prevent the colonization of pathogens in the intestine and vagina.

A

Bacteria that normally live in the intestine and vagina.

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19
Q

How many mechanisms does the second line of defense have?

A

Three

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20
Q

What are the mechanisms of the second line of defense?

A
  1. Phagocytic and Natural Killer Cells
  2. Localized Inflammatory Response
  3. Antimicrobial Proteins
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21
Q

These cells are attracted to damaged cells and are self-destructive.

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

How do neutrophils defend the body?

A

They enter the infected tissue, and engulf and destroy the microbes there.

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23
Q

This refers to the migration towards the source of chemical attractant.

A

Chemotaxis

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24
Q

These transform to macrophages once they enter the affected tissue.

A

Monocytes

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25
Q

Unlike neutrophils, which only live for a few days, monocytes are _____.

A

Long-lived

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26
Q

These engulf microbe/s in a vacuole, fuse them with lysosomes, and kill them.

A

Macrophages

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27
Q

What is/are the mechanism of monocytes?

A
  1. Generation of toxic forms of oxygen (superoxide and nitric oxide); and
  2. Lysosomal enzymes to digest microbial components
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28
Q

These are macrophages found in the lungs.

A

Alveolar Macrophages

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29
Q

These are macrophages found in the liver.

A

Kuppfer Cells

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30
Q

These are macrophages found in the kidney.

A

Mesangial Cells

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31
Q

These are macrophages found in the brain.

A

Microglial Cells

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32
Q

These are macrophages found in the connective tissues.

A

Histiocytes

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33
Q

These are macrophages found in the spleen and the lymph nodes.

A

Fixed Macrophages

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34
Q

These cells defend the body from parasitic invaders.

A

Eosinophils

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35
Q

How do eosinophils defend the body?

A

By releasing destructive enzyme/enzymes targeting the parasite’s external wall.

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36
Q

Why are natural killer cells unique?

A
  1. They do not attack microbes but destroy virus-infected/abnormal cells
  2. They do not phagocytose but mount an attack via lysis of infected cell/s
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37
Q

How are natural killer cells different from cytotoxic killer T-cells?

A
  1. NK cells have no receptors and are non-specific;
  2. Are granulated; and
  3. Are not thyums dependent.
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38
Q

When does localized inflammatory response occur?

A

When there is damage to tissue or entry of microorganisms

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39
Q

What are the four symptoms of the inflamed area?

A

Redness, Pain, Swelling, and Heat

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40
Q

What is the first step of localized inflammatory response?

A

Release of bradykinin by capillary tissue cells of damaged tissue.

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41
Q

What is the second step of localized inflammatory response?

A

Nerve impulse to local pain receptor

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42
Q

What is the third step of localized inflammatory response?

A

Stimulation of mast cells to release histamine

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43
Q

What is the fourth step of localized inflammatory response?

A

Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries

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44
Q

What is the fifth step of localized inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages migrate to the site of injury and phagocytose microbes.

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45
Q

What is the physical/external manifestation of vasodilation?

A

Redness

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46
Q

This refers to squeezing through the capillary wall.

A

Diapedesis/Extravasation

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47
Q

This refers to the accumulation of dead neutrophils along with tissue cells, bacteria, and living WBCs.

A

Pus

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48
Q

When there is severe infection, what do leukocytes secrete?

A

Pyrogens

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49
Q

What do pyrogens do?

A

Increases Body Temperature (Fever)

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50
Q

What is/are the purpose/s of fever?

A
  1. Inhibits growth of some microorganisms
  2. Facilitates phagocytosis
  3. May speed up the repair of tissues
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51
Q

This refers to high fever and low blood pressure caused by bacterial infection.

A

Septic Shock

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52
Q

This is an antimicrobial protein/enzyme present in tears, saliva, and mucous secretions.

A

Lysozyme

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53
Q

This is composed of 20 serum proteins that carry out a cascade of steps leading to lysis of microbes.

A

Complement System

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54
Q

These are secreted by virus-infected animal cells.

A

Interferons

55
Q

How do interferons defend the body?

A

They bind to receptors of non-infected cells and induce them to produce substances (in large quantities in recombinant DNA technology).

56
Q

How do complement systems work?

A
  1. Protein seals the invader.
  2. Protein attaches to invader and punctures the cell membrane.
  3. Protein attaches to invader and attracts the leukocyte.
57
Q

This is the line of defense that has specific immunity and involves lymphocytes.

A

Third Line of Defense

58
Q

These lymphocytes are for humoral immunity and are produced in the bone marrow.

A

B-cells

59
Q

These lymphocytes are for cell-mediated immunity and are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus.

A

T-cells

60
Q

This refers to the response mounted my the immune system against pathogens or antigens.

A

Immune Response

61
Q

What are the characteristics of immune response?

A
  1. Antigen-specific
  2. Systemic
  3. Has Memory
62
Q

What does the antigen-specific characteristic of immune response mean?

A

It recognizes and directs its attack against particular antigens or foreign substances.

63
Q

What does the systemic characteristic of immune response mean?

A

Immunity is not restricted to initial infection site.

64
Q

This refers to a foreign molecule that elicits a specific response by lymphocyte.

A

Antigen

65
Q

This is a portion of the antigen that has a particular molecular shape, and reacts with the antibody.

A

Antigenic Determinant

66
Q

How is the immune system triggered by antigens?

A

It stimulates certain B-cells to secrete antibodies or stimulates T-cells to enhance attack on the infected cell.

67
Q

When the antigenic determinant of the antigen reacts with the antibody, it forms _____.

A

Antibody-antigen Complex

68
Q

The formation of the antibody-antigen complex ultimately leads to _____.

A

The Inactivation and Removal of the Antigen

69
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The antigen-driven cloning of lymphocytes

70
Q

What activates a lymphocyte to clone its self?

A

Selection of a lymphocyte by one of the microbe’s antigens

71
Q

When a lymphocyte is activated, it divides to produce _____.

A

Two Clones of Cells: Effector (Plasma Cells) and Memory Cells

72
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Derivatives of B-cells that secrete antibodies

73
Q

What are memory cells?

A

A clone of long-lived lymphocyte that remains in the lymph node until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation

74
Q

This refers to the initial immune response to an antigen.

A

Primary Immune Response

75
Q

What happens during the primary immune response?

A

Selective proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes that occurs the first time the body is exposed to an antigen

76
Q

This refers to the immune response elicited when an animal encounters the same antigen at some time later.

A

Secondary Immune Response

77
Q

The secondary response is more _____, of greater _____, and of _____ duration.

A

Rapid, Magnitude, Longer

78
Q

This refers to another does of the original vaccine given some time after the original dose is administered.

A

Booster Shot

79
Q

What are the immune responses stimulated by a booster shot?

A

Large amounts of antibodies and memory cell, and better, longer-lasting immunity

80
Q

What do the two main classes of MHCs do?

A

They mark body cells as “self”

81
Q

These are MHCs present on all nucleated cells .

A

Class I MHC

82
Q

These are MHCs present only in specialized types such as macrophages, B-cells, activated T-cells, and interior cells of the thymus.

A

Class II MHC

83
Q

This is what happens when self tolerance fails.

A

Autoimmune Disease

84
Q

This is the critical feature of the immune system wherein no mature lymphocytes react against cell components.

A

Self Tolerance

85
Q

What happens to lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for molecules already present in the body?

A

They are either rendered non-functional or destroyed by apoptosis.

86
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed Cell Death

87
Q

This refers to a large set of cell-surface antigens encoded by a family of genes.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

88
Q

What do foreign MHC markers do?

A

They trigger T-cell responses that may lead to rejection of transplanted tissues or organs.

89
Q

These cells have receptors that bind to peptides displayed by the body’s class II MHC molecules.

A

Helper T-cells

90
Q

These are cells with antigen receptors that bind with class I MHC molecules.

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

91
Q

This refers to a glycoprotein that helps to connect helper T-cells to macrophages by binging to the MHC molecules.

A

CD4

92
Q

This refers to a glycoprotein that helps to connect cytotoxic T-cells to cells displaying MHC molecules.

A

CD8

93
Q

This refers to a type of lymphocyte that kills infected and cancer cells.

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

94
Q

This refers to macrophages and B-cells that present degradation products (peptide remnants) to helper T-cells.

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

95
Q

How do helper T-cells “help” B-cells?

A

They help B-cells make antibodies.

96
Q

How do helper T-cells “help” T-cells?

A

They help them respond to antigens or secrete lymphokines or interleukins.

97
Q

How do suppressor T-cells “suppress”?

A
  1. Prevention of further development of T-cells

2. Prevention of B-cells and T-cells from getting out of control

98
Q

These are clones of long-lived B- or T-cells that are mobilized during secondary immune response.

A

Memory T-cells

99
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

Four polypeptide chains, with constant and variable regions, joined to form a Y-shape

100
Q

What is the minimum number of binding sites that basic antibody subunit has?

A

Two

101
Q

How many monomer units do IgMs have?

A

Five

102
Q

How many monomer units do IgAs have?

A

Two

103
Q

How many monomer units do IgGs, IgDs, and IgEs have?

A

One

104
Q

This immunoglobulin is the first circulating antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to antigen.

A

IgM

105
Q

What is the significance of the five monomer units of IgMs?

A

These provide numerous binding sites, which make it very effective.

106
Q

This immunoglobulin is the most abundant of the circulating antibodies and readily crosses the walls of blood vessels and enters tissue fluids.

A

IgG

107
Q

This immunoglobulin is produced by cells in mucous membranes and its main function is to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial surfaces.

A

IgA

108
Q

This immunoglobulin does not activate the complement system and cannot cross the placenta.

A

IgD

109
Q

This immunoglobulin is found in many body secretions and helps protect the infant from gastrointestinal infections.

A

IgA

110
Q

This immunoglobulin crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity to the fetus; it also triggers action of the complement system.

A

IgG

111
Q

This immunoglobulin is mostly found on the surfaces of B-cells, functioning as antigen receptors that help initiate differentiation of B-cells into plasma/memory cells.

A

IgD

112
Q

This immunoglobulin is slightly larger than IgG and represent only a small fraction of antibodies in the blood.

A

IgE

113
Q

The tails of this type of immunoglobulin attach to mast cells and basophils, and cause cells to release histamine and other chemicals that cause an allergic reaction.

A

IgE

114
Q

What are the four steps of the antibody-mediated disposal of antigens?

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Agglutination
  3. Precipitation
  4. Lysis
115
Q

What happens in the neutralization step of antibody-mediated disposal of antigens?

A

Antibodies cover the toxic sites of the antigenic agents

116
Q

What happens in the agglutination step of antibody-mediated disposal of antigens?

A

Multiple antigenic agents are bound together into a clump by antibodies

117
Q

What happens in the precipitation step of antibody-mediated disposal of antigens?

A

Complex of antigen-antibody becomes insoluble and precipitates

118
Q

What happens in the lysis step of antibody- mediated disposal of antigens?

A

Some very potent antibodies are capable of directly attacking membranes and thereby causing rupture of cells

119
Q

This refers to the immune response in which binding of antibody to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of a microbe by a macrophage.

A

Opsonization

120
Q

What is the role of helper T-cells in cell-mediated immune response?

A
  1. Produces Interleukin-1

2. Causes T-cells to multiply

121
Q

What is the role of helper T-cells in humoral immune response?

A
  1. Binds to B-cell antigen complexes

2. Causes B-cells to multiply

122
Q

This refers to the protein in insects that binds to microbes and assists in their disposal.

A

Hemolin

123
Q

These refer to the amoeboid cells in echinoderms that phagocytose foreign matter.

A

Coelomocytes

124
Q

This type of humoral immunity develops following exposure to antigen and the person’s body is the one that produces the antibody.

A

Active Humoral Immunity

125
Q

This type of humoral immunity occurs when antibodies are supplied by an immune human or animal donor.

A

Passive Humoral Immunity

126
Q

What happens when an allergen enters the body?

A
  1. B-cells develop into plasma cells that secrete IgE antibodies
  2. Some of these antibodies bind tails to mast cells
  3. Degranulation
  4. Release of histamine via cellular granules
127
Q

How is degranulation triggered?

A

Allergen binds to IgE already on mast cell

128
Q

This is an autoimmune disease in which there are autoantibodies against all sorts of self molecules.

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematous

129
Q

This is an autoimmune disease that leads to damage and painful inflammation of the cartilage and bone of joints.

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

130
Q

This is an autoimmune disease wherein the beta cells of the pancreas are the targets of autoantibodies.

A

Insulin-dependent Diabetes

131
Q

This is an autoimmune disease in which T-cells reactive against myelin infiltrate the CNS and destroy the myelin of neurons.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

132
Q

This is an immunodeficiency disease wherein both branches of the immune system fail to function.

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

133
Q

This is an immunodeficiency disease that suppresses the immune system by damaging the lymphatic system.

A

Hodgkin’s Disease

Biology 22 (General Zoology) (8 decks)

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