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Biology 22 (General Zoology) > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

“Cells arise from pre-existing or parent cells.” Who said this?

A

Virchow (1858)

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2
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

It gives rise to growth, renewal and repair of cells, initial immune response, asexual reproduction, and gametogenesis.

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3
Q

What are the two types of cell division in living organisms?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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4
Q

These cells undergo mitosis.

A

Somatic/Body Cells

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5
Q

These cells undergo meiosis.

A

Germ/Sex Cells

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6
Q

What is the difference of mitosis and meiosis in terms of the number of cytoplasmic divisions?

A

Mitosis only has one equational division, while meiosis has one equational and one reductional.

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7
Q

Interkinesis is present in this type of cell division.

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

What is the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis?

A

1) No Pairing; 2) No Chiasmata; and 3) No Crossing-over

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9
Q

What is the behavior of chromosomes in meiosis?

A

1) Pairing of Homologues; 2) Chiasmata Formation; Synapsis

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10
Q

Interkinesis is absent in this type of cell division.

A

Mitosis

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11
Q

What is the nature of the daughter cells produced in mitosis?

A

Diploid and Identical

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12
Q

What is the nature of the daughter cells produced in meiosis?

A

Haploid and Unidentical

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13
Q

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and Mitosis

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14
Q

What are the three parts of the interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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15
Q

What two proteins control the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin and Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK)

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16
Q

What protein primarily controls the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin

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17
Q

What is the function of CDK?

A

Regulation of the Cell Cycle

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18
Q

At what part of the interphase does cyclin begin to accumulate?

A

G1

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19
Q

At what part of the interphase does cyclin reach its highest concentration?

A

G2

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20
Q

Cyclin + CDK = ?

A

Mitosis-promoting Factor (MPF)

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21
Q

What is the function of the MPF?

A

It initiates mitosis.

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22
Q

What happens to cyclin after cytokinesis?

A

It will degrade and eventually lead to the stoppage of division.

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23
Q

How much DNA does a unitenic chromosome have?

A

Half

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24
Q

How much DNA does a bitenic chromosome have?

A

One

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25
Q

This is the longest phase of the cell cycle.

A

G1

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26
Q

This is the phase during which the chromosome duplicates.

A

S

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27
Q

This is when the multiplication of organelles happens.

A

S

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28
Q

What happens when a cell decides to become differentiated?

A

It enters the G0 phase.

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29
Q

This is the phase during which the centrosomes duplicate.

A

S

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30
Q

This is the phase during which the enzymes for DNA synthesis are processed.

A

G1

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31
Q

This is the phase during which the membrane components are processed.

A

G1

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32
Q

This is the final stage of the interphase.

A

G2

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33
Q

This is the phase during which protein synthesis takes place.

A

G2

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34
Q

This is when the centrosome separates into two pairs.

A

G2

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35
Q

What does 2N = 4 represent?

A

Bitenic

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36
Q

What does 4N = 8 represent?

37
Q

What are nonkinetochore microtubules?

A

These the microtubules that are not attached to the chromatid.

38
Q

What are kinetochore microtubules?

A

These the microtubules that are attached to the chromatid.

39
Q

What are the parts of the mitotic phase?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

40
Q

This is when chromosomes become visible due to coiling.

41
Q

This is when mitotic poles become established.

42
Q

This is when the nucleus and nucleolus disappears.

43
Q

During what stage/s of mitosis do the chromatids become unitenic?

A

Anaphase and Telophase

44
Q

This is where the chromosomes align during metaphase.

A

Equatorial/Metaphase Plate

45
Q

What kind of movement do chromosomes undergo during metaphase?

A

Oscillatory Movements

46
Q

This is when the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

47
Q

This is when the centromeres split.

48
Q

This is when the chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles.

49
Q

This is when chromatids become individual chromosomes.

50
Q

This is when the chromosomes become less and less distinct.

51
Q

This is when the nucleolus reappears.

52
Q

During telophase, what reassembles around the tightly coiled chromosomes at each pole?

A

Nuclear Envelope

53
Q

Where does cytokinesis occur in animal cells?

54
Q

Where does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?

55
Q

Why do we study blastula when studying cell division?

A

They are balls of cells formed after fertilization and are actively dividing.

56
Q

These substances inhibit mitosis by counteracting the growth factors.

57
Q

How do chalones work?

A

They are very specific and affect only the type of tissue in which they are produced.

58
Q

This interferes with he normal functioning of the mitotic spindles?

A

Colchicine

59
Q

How does colchicine work?

A

By binding with microtubules

60
Q

What is the effect of the interference of colchicine?

A

The chromosomes will not be able to separate properly and they end up with an extra set of chromosomes.

61
Q

Plants treated with colchicine are ________ and ________.

A

Larger and Seedless

62
Q

It is one of the active ingredients of chemotherapy.

A

Colchicine

63
Q

It is an expression of polyploidy in plants.

64
Q

This prevents mitosis by inhibiting protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells.

A

Antibiotics

65
Q

What are two examples of antibiotics?

A

Streptomycin and Tetracycline

66
Q

This is the process in which the cells “realize” that it’s time to stop multiplying.

A

Contact Inhibition

67
Q

What can happen if contact inhibition fails?

A

Uncontrolled Division (e.g. Tumor Growth or Cancer)

68
Q

Astral rays are ______ in animal mitosis.

69
Q

Astral rays are ______ in plant mitosis.

70
Q

Spindle fibers come from ________ in both animal and plant mitosis.

A

Centrosomes

71
Q

________ forms in animal mitosis.

A

Cleavage Furrow

72
Q

________ forms in plant mitosis.

A

Cell Plate

73
Q

What is the result of Meiosis I?

A

Two Haploid (N) Cells

74
Q

What is the result of Meiosis II?

A

Four Haploid (N) Cells

75
Q

What type of division occurs during Meiosis I?

A

Reductional Division

76
Q

What type of division occurs during Meiosis II?

A

Equational Division

77
Q

What is the main event of Meiosis I?

A

Separation of Homologous Chromosomes

78
Q

What is the main event of Meiosis II?

A

Separation of Sister Chromatids

79
Q

What are the substages of Prophase I?

A

Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, and Diakinesis

80
Q

Without meiosis, there will be ______ increase in the number of chromosomes.

81
Q

This is the formation of sex cells or gametes.

A

Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis or Oogenesis)

82
Q

What happens during Leptotene?

A

Chromosomes are polarized and oriented towards the attachment plaque

83
Q

What happens during Zygotene?

A

Intimate pairing or synapsis between homologous chromosomes

84
Q

What happens during Pachytene?

A

The appearance of recombination nodule (which appear in later stages as chiasma or point of crossing over)

85
Q

What happens during Diplotene?

A

Homologous chromosomes start to untwine (desynapsis) and the four chromatids become visible in light microscopy

86
Q

What happens during Diakinesis?

A

Chromosomes become more visible and detached from the attachment plaque

87
Q

What is the attachment plaque?

A

A small area on the nuclear membrane

88
Q

What is the function of Leptotene?

A

For easy recognition of homologous chromosomes before synapsis

Biology 22 (General Zoology) (8 decks)

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