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Biology 22 (General Zoology) > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

This is a form of nitrogenous waste secreted by more aquatic animals. It is quite toxic but water-soluble.

A

Ammonia

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2
Q

This is a form of nitrogenous waste, which is a product of the ornithine cycle.

A

Urea

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3
Q

This is a form of nitrogenous waste that is not very toxic but is poorly water-soluble.

A

Uric Acid

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4
Q

Uric acid is typically concentrated and mixed with feces to produce _____.

A

Guano

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5
Q

What is the significance of the concentrated form of uric acid?

A

For minimal water loss

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6
Q

What is/are the significance/s of the excretory system?

A

Excretion, Osmoregulation, Erythropoietin Secretion, and Renin Production

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7
Q

A 1% drop in the body’s water content results in _____.

A

Thirst

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8
Q

A 5% drop in the body’s water content results in _____.

A

Pain

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9
Q

A 10% drop in the body’s water content results in _____.

A

Death

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10
Q

Osmoregulation is necessary for maintaining _____.

A

Physiochemical Balance

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11
Q

This is important in human hemodynamics (blood pressure and volume).

A

Renin Production

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12
Q

These protozoans utilize their cell membranes as their excretory systems.

A

Marine Amoeba

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13
Q

These protozoans have contractile vacuoles as their excretory systems.

A

Freshwater Amoeba

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14
Q

How do sponges and cnidarians excrete wastes, etc.?

A

Simple Diffusion Through Epidermis

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15
Q

This excretory system can be observed in flatworms, rotifers, and ribbonworms.

A

Flame Cell System

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16
Q

This is another name for the flame cell system.

A

Protonephridia

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17
Q

What notable characteristic do protonephridia have?

A

They lack internal openings.

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18
Q

The branching tubules of flame cells lead to the outside of the body through one or more openings called _____.

A

Nephridiopore

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19
Q

The flame cell system drains materials directly from _____, across the _____ of its terminal flame cell into the _____.

A

Interstitial Fluid, Plasma Membrane, Tubular Cavity

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20
Q

Flame cells function mainly for _____.

A

Osmoregulation

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21
Q

This refers to an elongated outpocketing between the midgut and the hindgut of terrestrial insects.

A

Malphigian Tubules

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22
Q

Malphigian tubules open into the _____ of the GI tract.

A

Lumen

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23
Q

Malphigian tubules join the _____ so the excretion is through the _____.

A

Digestive System, Anus

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24
Q

What is the primary function of malphigian tubules?

A

Removal of Nitrogenous Wastes and Osmoregulation

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25
Q

How do collembolas and springtails get rid of their wastes?

A

Fat bodies serve as depositories for organic wastes and these deposited wastes are eliminated when the exoskeleton is molted.

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26
Q

How do spiders get rid of their wastes?

A

Through coxal glands found on the floor of the cephalothorax that empty by ducts.

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27
Q

How do crustaceans get rid of their wastes?

A

Through green/antennal glands, which are anterior to the esophagus and serve to remove organic wastes from blood and bodily fluids.

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28
Q

What type of excretory system exists in earth worms?

A

Metanephridia

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29
Q

What is the primary function of metanephridia?

A

Removal of Nitrogenous Wastes and Osmoregulation

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of metanephridia?

A
  1. Open at both ends

2. Each segment of the worm has a nephridium

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31
Q

How does the nephridium of an earthworm drain fluid?

A
  1. Nephrostome from the coelom of another segment
  2. Bladder
  3. Nephridiopore opening outside
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32
Q

What are the three types of kidneys in vertebrates?

A

Pronephros, Mesonephros, Metanephros

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33
Q

What is the embryonic history and adult structure of pronephros?

A
  1. First to appear in embryo
  2. Develops segmentally far forward in the body cavity
  3. Each unit with a nephrostome opening from the coelom
  4. No glomeruli
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34
Q

What is the embryonic history and adult structure of mesonephros?

A
  1. Develops segmentally in the middle part
  2. Some nephrostomes open into the coelom
  3. Excretion chiefly by glomeruli
35
Q

What is the embryonic history and adult structure of

A
  1. Last to develop
  2. Not segmental
  3. Posterior in body cavity
  4. Many glomeruli
  5. All excretion from bloodstream
36
Q

In fishes an amphibians, the _____ functions in only and disappears in the adult.

A

Pronephros

37
Q

In fishes an amphibians, the _____ becomes the functional kidney in adult.

A

Mesonephros

38
Q

In fishes an amphibians, the _____ does not develop.

A

Metanephros

39
Q

In reptiles, birds, and mammals, _____ appears transiently in embryo and soon disappears.

A

Pronephros

40
Q

In reptiles, birds, and mammals, _____ appears after pronephros and serve as embryonic kidney, and disappears before are after hatching.

A

Mesonephros

41
Q

In reptiles, birds, and mammals, _____ last to appear and becomes the functional kidney after hatching or birth.

A

Metanephros

42
Q

The _____ carries the wastes from the kidney posteriorly.

A

Ureter

43
Q

In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the two ureters discharge into the _____.

A

Cloaca

44
Q

In mammals, the ureter is connected to the _____.

A

Urethra

45
Q

This refers to the interrelated excretory and reproductive systems of vertebrates.

A

Urogenital System

46
Q

This is the type of kidney is the inferred ancestral condition of the vertebrate kidney.

A

Archinephros

47
Q

What is the path of urine?

A

Medulla (Renal Pyramids, Renal Papilla, Major and Minor Calyces), Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

48
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Renal Filtration/Filtration of Blood

49
Q

This part of the renal corpuscle consists of a single layer of flattened cells resting on a basement membrane.

A

Bowman’s Capsule

50
Q

This part of the renal corpuscle is a tightly coiled network of anastomosing capillaries which invaginates the Bowman’s capsule.

A

Glomerulus

51
Q

These are the type of the cells of the Bowman’s capsule that surround the glomerulus.

A

Podocytes

52
Q

These are the mechanoreceptors that line the afferent arteriole.

A

Juxtaglomerular Cells

53
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of _____ and _____.

A

Afferent Arteriole, Distal Convoluted Tubule

54
Q

This supplies blood to the glomerulus.

A

Afferent Arteriole

55
Q

This drains blood from the glomerulus.

A

Efferent Arteriole

56
Q

This gives rise to vasa recta, which return the reabsorbed molecules to the general circulation.

A

Efferent Arteriole

57
Q

What is the function of the renal tubule?

A

For tubular absorption and secretion

58
Q

What type of cells line the renal tubule?

A

Epithelial Cells

59
Q

The renal tubule is subdivided into _____.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, and Collecting Tubule

60
Q

What type of cells line the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Macula Densa Cells

61
Q

This refers to the production of voluminous urine.

A

Diuresis

62
Q

This provides mechanism for controlling blood sodium levels and blood pressure.

A

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)

63
Q

This is secreted by atrial myocytes, which reduce blood pressure and increase Na+ secretion and excretion by opposing the RAAS.

A

ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor)

64
Q

ANF reduces the release of _____.

A

Aldosterone

65
Q

ANF inhibits the release of _____ from _____.

A

Rennin, JG Cells

66
Q

How do marine fish achieve osmoregulation?

A
  1. Drinking large amounts of seawater
  2. Pumping NaCl out via Cl cells in the gills and/or skin
  3. Disposal of excess Ca+2, Mg+2, and SO4-2 ions through the kidneys
  4. Producing scanty urine that is isoosmotic to body fluids
67
Q

How do freshwater fish achieve osmoregulation?

A
  1. Eating plants and animals with high salt content
  2. Pumping NaCl in via Cl cell in the gills and/or skin
  3. Excreting copious and dilute urine
68
Q

How do marine and freshwater fish differ from each other?

A

M - constantly loses water by osmosis and gains salt by diffusion
F - constantly gains water by osmosis and loses salt by diffusion

69
Q

What is the major concern of land animals?

A

Dessication

70
Q

How do land animals achieve osmoregulation?

A
  1. Drinking and eating food with high water
  2. Bervous and hormonal control of sweating
  3. Behavioral adaptations
  4. Water-conserving excretory organs
71
Q

What is the sugar that is involved in anhydrobiosis?

A

Trehalose (Dissacharide)

72
Q

What are the three major steps in urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
73
Q

What is the filtration membrane of the kidney composed of?

A

Capillary Epithelium, Fused Basal Laminae of Capillary Endothelial Cells and Podocytes, Podocyte Epithelium

74
Q

Filtration occurs as _____ forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule.

A

Pressure

75
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

Glomerulus

76
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

77
Q

Where does tubular secretion occur?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

78
Q

What are the steps involved in tubular reabsorption?

A
  1. Filtrate in Renal Tubule
  2. Interstitial Fluid
  3. Peritubular Capillaries
  4. Blood System
79
Q

What are the steps involved in tubular secretion?

A
  1. Blood System
  2. Peritubular Capillaries
  3. Interstitial Fluid
  4. Filtrate in Renal Tubule
80
Q

This is the step in urine formation wherein diffusion and active transport return molecules to blood at the proximal convoluted tubule.

A

Tubular Reabsorption

81
Q

This is the step in urine formation wherein active transport moves molecules from blood into the distal convoluted tubule.

A

Tubular Secretion

82
Q

Where does the reabsorption of water occur?

A

Along the Length of the Nephron, Loop of Henle, Collecting Duct

83
Q

This increases the permeability of the collecting duct.

A

ADH

Biology 22 (General Zoology) (8 decks)

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