Excretory System Flashcards
This is a form of nitrogenous waste secreted by more aquatic animals. It is quite toxic but water-soluble.
Ammonia
This is a form of nitrogenous waste, which is a product of the ornithine cycle.
Urea
This is a form of nitrogenous waste that is not very toxic but is poorly water-soluble.
Uric Acid
Uric acid is typically concentrated and mixed with feces to produce _____.
Guano
What is the significance of the concentrated form of uric acid?
For minimal water loss
What is/are the significance/s of the excretory system?
Excretion, Osmoregulation, Erythropoietin Secretion, and Renin Production
A 1% drop in the body’s water content results in _____.
Thirst
A 5% drop in the body’s water content results in _____.
Pain
A 10% drop in the body’s water content results in _____.
Death
Osmoregulation is necessary for maintaining _____.
Physiochemical Balance
This is important in human hemodynamics (blood pressure and volume).
Renin Production
These protozoans utilize their cell membranes as their excretory systems.
Marine Amoeba
These protozoans have contractile vacuoles as their excretory systems.
Freshwater Amoeba
How do sponges and cnidarians excrete wastes, etc.?
Simple Diffusion Through Epidermis
This excretory system can be observed in flatworms, rotifers, and ribbonworms.
Flame Cell System
This is another name for the flame cell system.
Protonephridia
What notable characteristic do protonephridia have?
They lack internal openings.
The branching tubules of flame cells lead to the outside of the body through one or more openings called _____.
Nephridiopore
The flame cell system drains materials directly from _____, across the _____ of its terminal flame cell into the _____.
Interstitial Fluid, Plasma Membrane, Tubular Cavity
Flame cells function mainly for _____.
Osmoregulation
This refers to an elongated outpocketing between the midgut and the hindgut of terrestrial insects.
Malphigian Tubules
Malphigian tubules open into the _____ of the GI tract.
Lumen
Malphigian tubules join the _____ so the excretion is through the _____.
Digestive System, Anus
What is the primary function of malphigian tubules?
Removal of Nitrogenous Wastes and Osmoregulation
How do collembolas and springtails get rid of their wastes?
Fat bodies serve as depositories for organic wastes and these deposited wastes are eliminated when the exoskeleton is molted.
How do spiders get rid of their wastes?
Through coxal glands found on the floor of the cephalothorax that empty by ducts.
How do crustaceans get rid of their wastes?
Through green/antennal glands, which are anterior to the esophagus and serve to remove organic wastes from blood and bodily fluids.
What type of excretory system exists in earth worms?
Metanephridia
What is the primary function of metanephridia?
Removal of Nitrogenous Wastes and Osmoregulation
What are the characteristics of metanephridia?
- Open at both ends
2. Each segment of the worm has a nephridium
How does the nephridium of an earthworm drain fluid?
- Nephrostome from the coelom of another segment
- Bladder
- Nephridiopore opening outside
What are the three types of kidneys in vertebrates?
Pronephros, Mesonephros, Metanephros
What is the embryonic history and adult structure of pronephros?
- First to appear in embryo
- Develops segmentally far forward in the body cavity
- Each unit with a nephrostome opening from the coelom
- No glomeruli
What is the embryonic history and adult structure of mesonephros?
- Develops segmentally in the middle part
- Some nephrostomes open into the coelom
- Excretion chiefly by glomeruli
What is the embryonic history and adult structure of
- Last to develop
- Not segmental
- Posterior in body cavity
- Many glomeruli
- All excretion from bloodstream
In fishes an amphibians, the _____ functions in only and disappears in the adult.
Pronephros
In fishes an amphibians, the _____ becomes the functional kidney in adult.
Mesonephros
In fishes an amphibians, the _____ does not develop.
Metanephros
In reptiles, birds, and mammals, _____ appears transiently in embryo and soon disappears.
Pronephros
In reptiles, birds, and mammals, _____ appears after pronephros and serve as embryonic kidney, and disappears before are after hatching.
Mesonephros
In reptiles, birds, and mammals, _____ last to appear and becomes the functional kidney after hatching or birth.
Metanephros
The _____ carries the wastes from the kidney posteriorly.
Ureter
In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the two ureters discharge into the _____.
Cloaca
In mammals, the ureter is connected to the _____.
Urethra
This refers to the interrelated excretory and reproductive systems of vertebrates.
Urogenital System
This is the type of kidney is the inferred ancestral condition of the vertebrate kidney.
Archinephros
What is the path of urine?
Medulla (Renal Pyramids, Renal Papilla, Major and Minor Calyces), Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Renal Filtration/Filtration of Blood
This part of the renal corpuscle consists of a single layer of flattened cells resting on a basement membrane.
Bowman’s Capsule
This part of the renal corpuscle is a tightly coiled network of anastomosing capillaries which invaginates the Bowman’s capsule.
Glomerulus
These are the type of the cells of the Bowman’s capsule that surround the glomerulus.
Podocytes
These are the mechanoreceptors that line the afferent arteriole.
Juxtaglomerular Cells
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of _____ and _____.
Afferent Arteriole, Distal Convoluted Tubule
This supplies blood to the glomerulus.
Afferent Arteriole
This drains blood from the glomerulus.
Efferent Arteriole
This gives rise to vasa recta, which return the reabsorbed molecules to the general circulation.
Efferent Arteriole
What is the function of the renal tubule?
For tubular absorption and secretion
What type of cells line the renal tubule?
Epithelial Cells
The renal tubule is subdivided into _____.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, and Collecting Tubule
What type of cells line the distal convoluted tubule?
Macula Densa Cells
This refers to the production of voluminous urine.
Diuresis
This provides mechanism for controlling blood sodium levels and blood pressure.
RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
This is secreted by atrial myocytes, which reduce blood pressure and increase Na+ secretion and excretion by opposing the RAAS.
ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor)
ANF reduces the release of _____.
Aldosterone
ANF inhibits the release of _____ from _____.
Rennin, JG Cells
How do marine fish achieve osmoregulation?
- Drinking large amounts of seawater
- Pumping NaCl out via Cl cells in the gills and/or skin
- Disposal of excess Ca+2, Mg+2, and SO4-2 ions through the kidneys
- Producing scanty urine that is isoosmotic to body fluids
How do freshwater fish achieve osmoregulation?
- Eating plants and animals with high salt content
- Pumping NaCl in via Cl cell in the gills and/or skin
- Excreting copious and dilute urine
How do marine and freshwater fish differ from each other?
M - constantly loses water by osmosis and gains salt by diffusion
F - constantly gains water by osmosis and loses salt by diffusion
What is the major concern of land animals?
Dessication
How do land animals achieve osmoregulation?
- Drinking and eating food with high water
- Bervous and hormonal control of sweating
- Behavioral adaptations
- Water-conserving excretory organs
What is the sugar that is involved in anhydrobiosis?
Trehalose (Dissacharide)
What are the three major steps in urine formation?
- Glomerular Filtration
- Tubular Reabsorption
- Tubular Secretion
What is the filtration membrane of the kidney composed of?
Capillary Epithelium, Fused Basal Laminae of Capillary Endothelial Cells and Podocytes, Podocyte Epithelium
Filtration occurs as _____ forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule.
Pressure
Where does filtration occur?
Glomerulus
Where does tubular reabsorption occur?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Where does tubular secretion occur?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
What are the steps involved in tubular reabsorption?
- Filtrate in Renal Tubule
- Interstitial Fluid
- Peritubular Capillaries
- Blood System
What are the steps involved in tubular secretion?
- Blood System
- Peritubular Capillaries
- Interstitial Fluid
- Filtrate in Renal Tubule
This is the step in urine formation wherein diffusion and active transport return molecules to blood at the proximal convoluted tubule.
Tubular Reabsorption
This is the step in urine formation wherein active transport moves molecules from blood into the distal convoluted tubule.
Tubular Secretion
Where does the reabsorption of water occur?
Along the Length of the Nephron, Loop of Henle, Collecting Duct
This increases the permeability of the collecting duct.
ADH
