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TEASV Science > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of defenses that your immune system is comprised of?

A
  1. Innate defenses (non specific)

2. Adaptive defenses (specific)

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2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Viruses and organisms which are harmful to your immune system

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3
Q

Difference between vertebrates and other animals regarding general immune defenses

A

Only vertebrates possess acquired (adaptive) defenses

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4
Q

Why is the human body so attractive to pathogens?

A

Warm, High energy, nutrient rich, saltwater content,

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5
Q

Purpose of the innate defense system?

A

To keep harmful pathogens from entering the body or destroy them if they have already entered

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6
Q

What are the first lines of defense in the innate defense system?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucus membranes
  3. Digestive enzymes
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7
Q

The primary purpose of skin

A

To keep things out

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8
Q

Why is the digestive tract treated as part of the immune system?

A

The digestive tract is exposed to just as much harmful bacteria as the outside of your body (Hence powerful stomach acid)

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9
Q

In general, what do mucus membranes line/cover?

A

All internal surfaces that are exposed to the outside (eg. lungs, mouth, eyes, insides of nose)

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10
Q

Purpose of mucus

A

Traps microbes and helps sweep them away

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11
Q

How do mild to moderate fevers benefit the immune system?

A

Kills pathogens that grow better at lower temperatures

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12
Q

What are Mast cells?

A

Specialized cells in connective tissue that constantly search for suspicious objects and then release signaling molecules (Eg.histamine) when found

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13
Q

What are the 4 causes of inflammation?

A
  1. Irritating chemicals
  2. Heat
  3. Trauma
  4. Infections by pathogens
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14
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
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15
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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16
Q

Where are the exceptions that are off limits to Leukocyte travel?

A

(central nervous system) The brain and the spinal cord

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17
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

The process of leukocytes responding to damaged body tissues

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18
Q

How are leukocytes signaled to a specific area?

A

Cytokines

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19
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical Messengers that are released by damaged tissues

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20
Q

What happens once a leukocyte arrives at a damaged site?

A

Leukocyte will signal the capillaries to open a gap for it to squeeze through the slits

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21
Q

The process of leukocytes squeezing through capillaries in response to cytokines is called

A

Diapedesis

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22
Q

After the leukocyte squeezes through the capillaries, what following action takes place?

A

Cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) guide the leukocyte to the site of the damage

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23
Q

List the 4 types of Phagocytes in the Immune defense system

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. Natural Killer Cells
  4. Dendritic Cells
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24
Q

Function of Phagocytes

A

Leukocytes that track down and destroy pathogens via phagocytosis (engulfing of pathogen)

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25
Q

Charecteristics of Neutrophils

A
  1. Super abondennt,
  2. Can get to the site of infection/damage very quickly
  3. Can only kill one microbe at a time
  4. Dead neutrophils collect together to form pus
26
Q

Characteristics of Macrophages

A
  1. Don’t travel a lot
  2. Provide bodyguard like function by hanging around various organs
  3. They can detect cancer cells as well as pathogens
  4. They can destroy up to 100 bacteria before dying
27
Q

What is the Major Special Characteristic of Natural Killer Cells

A

Only leukocyte capable of killing other human cells

28
Q

Process of NKC killing a human cell

A
  1. Healthy cells contain special protein called MHC1 (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
  2. When cells are infected or cancerous, they stop MHC1 production
  3. NKC constantly check cells for that protein
  4. Those that don’t are binded with it and it secretes an enzyme which destroys
29
Q

What does a NCK produce to combat virus or cancer cells

A

Perforins (Pore-forming proteins)

30
Q

What is the function of Perforins?

A

Cause cancer and virus cells to LYSE (rupture)

31
Q

Characteristics of Dendritic

A

Located on the surface of much of the body that comes into contact with the environment (nose, skin, stomach, intestines) … Destroy pathogens and carry information about them back into the spleen or lymph nodes which shares that intel with the Acquired immune system

32
Q

Purpose of the Acquired Immune System

A

To build up and store information on harmful bacteria/viruses to better combat them in the future

33
Q

What is an Antigen and its function?

A

(Antibody Generator) ANYTHING , that causes your immune system to identify a pathogen and then create an antibody against it

34
Q

What is an Antibody?

A

Specialized Proteins used to identify and neutralize pathogens

35
Q

Can an Antibody kill pathogens by themselves?

A

NO

36
Q

What can an Antibody do to help the immune system?

A
  1. Swarm over the invader making it harder for it to move around
  2. Make it harder for it to excrete toxins
  3. Tag infected cells and release chemicals to nearby phagocytes
37
Q

What are the specific white blood cells for the Acquired Immune System?

A

Lymphocytes

38
Q

Major difference of Lymphocytes

A

They go after specific pathogens that they already know about, instead of everything that looks suspicious

39
Q

The 2 Major types of Lymphocytes

A
  1. T-Cells

2. B-Cells

40
Q

Where do the T-Cells form and mature?

A

Form in Bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland (behind your breastbone)

41
Q

Where do the B-cells form and mature?

A

They both form and mature in the bone marrow

42
Q

Why does the body have 2 different types of lymphocytes?

A

Our bodies have 2 different types of “Acquired Immunity”

43
Q

What are the 2 types of Acquired Immunity?

A
  1. Humoral Response (antibody-mediated)

2. Cell Mediated

44
Q

What is the Cell mediated Response?

A

Acquired Immune response for when the cells are already infected

45
Q

What is the Humoral Response (antibody-mediated)

A

Acquired Immune response for when the infection is just in Humors (Bodily fluid) and not in the cells

46
Q

What are the main type of cells that are active in the Cell-mediated response?

A

T-Cells

47
Q

4 types of T-cells in the Adaptive immune response

A
  1. Helper T-cells
  2. Effector T-cells
  3. Memory T-cells
  4. Cytotoxic T-cells
48
Q

Function of Helper T-cells

A

Activate and direct the cells that can kill pathogens

49
Q

What is Antigen presentation and What are the key chemicals used in the process?

A

Phagocytes that have already destroyed a pathogen will keep a small sample of the shredded proteins on its membrane surface and wait for a T-helper cell attach itself to it… Antigen presenting cell produces Interleukin-1 and the T-helper cell produces Interleukin-2

50
Q

Function of Interleukin-2

A

Activates, the helper T-cell to start self replicating into Effector T-cells and Memory T-cells

51
Q

Function of Effector T-cells

A

Travel around secreting signaling proteins that stimulate other nearby lymphocytes to take action

52
Q

Function of Memory T-cells

A

Keep a record of pathogen and provide for future immunity against it

53
Q

Function of Cytotoxic T-cell

A

Once alerted, patrols the suggested area searching for normal cells producing antigens. Finds it, latches on and produces enzymes which destroys cell membrane and kills the cell and pathogen in the process

54
Q

What are the main type of cells that are active in the Humoral mediated response?

A

B-cells

55
Q

Do B-cell have a specific place where they congregate?

A

No, they coast through the bloodstream waiting for signals from T-helper cells

56
Q

Characteristics of a B-cell

A

Covered in antibodies (for all kinds of specific antigens)

57
Q

How many antibodies can a single B-cell cary for one pathogen

A

100,000

58
Q

Describe the function of a B-cell

A

Finds a pathogen it recognizes, attaches to it, then attaches to T-helper cell and starts self replicating into 2 forms of B-cells

59
Q

What are the 2 forms of B-cells?

A
  1. Effector/Plasma cells

2. Memory cells

60
Q

Why does the T-helper cell bind with the B-cell?

A

This causes the the B-cell to start producing antibodies

TEASV Science (18 decks)

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