Immune Response

Question 1

Explain the difference between active and passive immunity

Answer 1

Active: antibodies made by body
-vaccination/exposure to illness

Passive: antibodies given to body
-Temporary
-Breastfeeding (maternal)
-artificial- antibody shot

Question 2

Explain the types of white blood cells and their major functions

Answer 2

Neutrophils: phagocytosis
Eosinophils: allergy symptoms, parasitic infections
Basophils: asthma, histamine
Monocytes: garbage trucks, dead cell collection
Lymphocytes: B/T cells

Question 3

Explain the following antibodies:
IgG
IgM
IgE

Which ones spike in the primary response? Secondary?

Answer 3

IgG: secondary
IgM: primary
IgE: allergic reactions

Question 4

What are some examples of when the humoral immune response would be used?

Answer 4

Anaphylactic shock- IgE
Transfusion reactions
Bacterial infections
Autoimmunity

Question 5

What are some examples of when the cellular immune response would be used?

Answer 5

Transplant rejection
Fungal infections

Question 6

Explain Immunosenescence

Answer 6

Immune system strength decreases with age:
-greater risk of infections/cancer
-Increased autoantibodies
-Thymus shrinks- fewer T-cells
-Reduced Interleukin synthesis
-Reduced expression of IL-2 receptors
-Reduced T/B cell proliferation
-Reduced primary/secondary antibody response

Question 7

Explain Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reactions

What cells are responsible?
What do they cause?
-What are the mediators?
-Give examples

Answer 7

B-cells/antibodies responsible
-cause allergic reactions- IgE

Mediated by mast cells (histamine), leukotrienes, prostaglandins

Angioedema, anaphylaxis
Allergic rhinitis
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Question 8

Explain the mechanism/ steps of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 8

Mast cells exposed to antigen- no effect

IgE antibodies developed for the antigen

Mast cell is sensitized with the antibodies

Subsequent exposure causes degranulation- histamine released

Question 9

Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reactions

What cells are responsible?
Mediated by?
What is attacking the cells?
Give examples

Answer 9

Cytotoxic
-B-cells cause it- antibodies
-Mediated by complement system
-Antibodies directly attack cells
-Lysis/phagocytosis of body cells

-Hemolytic transfusion reactions
-Graves disease

Question 10

Explain Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reactions

-What cells cause it?
-Mediators?
-How long does it take?

Associated with?

Answer 10

Immune Complexes

-B-cells cause it
-Mediated by neutrophils, complement system, macrophages
-Antibodies/antigens agglutinate and settle in small spaces
-Causes tissue damage and inflammation

-Takes hours to days

-Autoimmune disorders
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 11

Explain Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Mediated by?
Results in?

Examples?

Answer 11

Delayed/Cell-Mediated
-T-cells and cytokines
-Tissue damage

Contact dermatitis
Transplant rejection