Immune Evasion and Challenges in Treatment and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What do endoparasites to to avoid detection?

A

Mimic the host’s antigens.

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2
Q

What do endoparasites do to reduce chances of destruction?

A

Modify the host’s immune response.

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3
Q

What does antigenic variation allow?

A

Allows parasites to change between different antigens during the course of infection of a host. May also allow re-infection of the same host with the new variant.

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4
Q

What is latency?

A

Where a virus escapes immune surveillance by integrating their genome into the host genome and existing in an inactive state.

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5
Q

When will a virus in latency become active again?

A

When favourable conditions arise.

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6
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the outbreak and spread of infectious disease.

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7
Q

What is the herd immunity threshold?

A

The density of resistant hosts in a population required to prevent an epidemic.

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8
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

They contain antigens that will elicit an immune response.

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9
Q

What makes it difficult to find treatments?

A

The similarities between host and parasite metabolism make it difficult to find drug compounds that only affect the parasite.

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10
Q

What needs to be reflected in the design of vaccines?

A

Antigenic variation.

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11
Q

What can the difficulties can arise with parasites that are difficult to culture in the lab?

A

It makes it difficult to design vaccines for them.

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12
Q

When do challenges in treatment occur?

A

When parasites spread rapidly due to overcrowding or tropical climates.

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13
Q

Where can overcrowding occur?

A

In refugee camps that result from war or natural disasters or rapidly growing cities in LEDCs.

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14
Q

What challenges can arise in the face of overcrowding?

A

Treatment and control programmes are difficult to achieve.

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15
Q

What can be the only practical control strategies in the face of overcrowding?

A

Civil engineering projects to improve sanitation combined with coordinated vector control.

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16
Q

What do improvements in parasite control lead to?

A

Reduction in child mortality, population wide improvements in child development and intelligence, as individuals have more resources for growth and development.