Immune and lymphatic systems Module 6 Flashcards
3 types of microbes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Acellular
Eukaryotes
Multicellular with a complex cell structure and genetic material includes DNA and RNA. e.g animals, plants
Prokaryotes
mostly unicellular (one cell), have a simple cell structure have DNA and RNA e.g bacteria
Acellular
Genetic material such as DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein. obligate intracellular parasites. e.g viruses
Pathogens
Microbes that cause sickness and disease.
Normal flora
Microbes that normally live in/on the human body.
Places where normal flora is located the body.
All exterior openings to the body e.g skin
Transient flora
Microbes that come and go from the body, are not permanent.
Immune system
a functional system based on lots of different. cell, proteins and particles.
Two components of the immune system
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity
1st and 2nd line of defences which protect or fight against any foreign antigen.
Adaptive immunity
3rd line of defence which fights against specific foreign antigens.
Antigen
identifying a molecule on the surface on the cell of an organism.
Two types of antigens
Self antigens
Foreign antigens
Self antigens
Any antigens on your own cells.
Foreign antigens
Any antigens not normally found in your body cells.
Mechanisms of 1st line defence
mucous membrane
skin
Mechanisms of 2nd line defence
inflammations Natural killer cells antimicrobial proteins fever phagocytosis
1st line defences
Physical barrier and chemical barrier.
2nd line defences
If mucous membranes are breached then mechanisms are activated
phagocytosis
macrophages engulf foreign material
NK cells
Destroy foreign antigens
Inflammation
Localised response to tissue damage or foreign antigens.
Fever
systemic response to infection by a foreign antigen.
Antimicrobial proteins
Proteins that enhance immune responses.
two parts of adaptive immunity
humoral immunity
Cell mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
activation of b lymphocytes
Cell mediated immunity
activation of t lymphocytes
T helper cells
Activate B cells, other T cells and innate immunity. B cell then produces two daughter cells.
Daughter cells of the B cells
memory B cell
Plasma B cell
Plasma B cells
Make antibodies which have the same receptor for the foreign antigen.
Memory B cells
remain in circulation after infection. Can launch secondary attacks on foreign antigen.
Antibodies
can inactivate
bind
mark foreign antigen for destruction.
T cytotoxic cells
destroy foreign antigen and infected body cells.
T regulatory cells
Regulate the activity of the T cytotoxic cells so they stay on target.
T memory cells
Remain in circulation after infection. Can launch secondary attacks on foreign antigen.
Lymphatic system
Structural system closed circuit for instititual fluid.
Lymphatic vasculature
Lymph vessels in the body
Lymph capillaries
pick up instititial fluid in the body found in connective tissues.
Lymph vessels
Pick up fluid that is left over from your blood and dumps it back into there blood.
Lymph nodes
- filters lymph
- deals with infection of foreign bodies by activating the immune system.
Lymph organs
Tonsils
thymus
spleen
Tonsils
Destroys airborne pathogens.
Destroy food borne pathogens
Destroy waterborne pathogens.
Thymus
T lymphocytes mature
Spleen
Filters blood
Lymphocytes proliferation
Store RBC breakdown products
