Cells Module 2 Flashcards
Cell membrane
Flexible structure that defines the extent of the cell by separating two fluid compartments
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid within the cell
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside the cell
Phospholipid bilayer
Double layer of phospholipids with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
Proteins
Numerous types of proteins are found throughout the membrane, serving a variety of functions.
Carbohydrates
Form antigens on the cell surface which identify that cell as self to the body immune cells.
Glycolipids
Combined lipid and carbohydrate
Glycoproteins
Combined protein and carbohydrate
Cholesterols
Stabilize the membrane while allowing mobility and flexibility
What electrolyte is found in the greatest concentration within ICF
Potassium
What electrolyte is found in the greatest concentration within ECF
Sodium
Passive transport
Passive transport occurs without the use of cellular energy and occurs via diffusion or filtration.
Diffusion
Driven by solutes concentration gradient, the difference in concentration of the solute between ICF and ECF.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across the cell membrane.
Active cell transport
Requires the use of ATP to move substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient.
Solute pumps
Proteins that actively move solutes across the cell membrane against their concentration gradients.
Vesicular transport
Transportation of fluids containing large particles across the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
Vesicles formed within the cell bind to and fuse with the cell membrane then release contents outside the cell
Endocytosis
Substances from the exterior of the cell are wrapped in a small bit of plasma membrane which pinches off and moves into the cell.
Phagocytosis
Certain body cells engulf and destroy microorganisms or large particles.
Water gains
Metabolism
Food
Beverages
Water losses
Urine
Sweat
Feces
Evaporation skin and lungs
Thirst mechanism
Triggered when the osmolarity of plasma increases, water consumption will bring it back down.
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain water.
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of large or charged molecules via the membrane.
Mitochondria
Cellular powerhouse which produces ATP
Ribosomes
Where proteins are made
Rough ER
Manufactures membrane and extracellular proteins and phospholipids covered in ribosomes.
Smooth ER
Site of lipid metabolism production of steroids breakdown of stored carbohydrates
Golgi
Modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids made by the rough ER
Lysosomes
Digests foreign material and cellular debris, breaks down and released substances stored in the cell.
Peroxisomes
Breaks down toxic substances within the cell.
Cytoskeleton
Network of tubules providing structure to the cell.
Centrosome
Anchor point for the cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella.
Cilia
Short finger like projections of the cell surface which enhance surface area and can move substance along the surface of the cell.
Flagella
Long, cellular extension used to propel the cell, only sperms have one.
Anabolism
Any process in which larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones.
Catabolism
Any process the breaks down complex structures into smaller molecules.
Energy inputs
Nutrients from food, particularly macronutrients.
Energy outputs
- Heat loss in the body
- Use of ATP
- Nutrient storage
Cellular
Involves the metabolic reactions taking place within the cell body that utilise the nutrients from the diet.
Anabolic reactions
Facilitate energy storage and structural building/ repairing or catabolic reactions that lead to step 2 and the generation of ATP.
Cellular respiration
Series of catabolic reactions which generate ATP.
Citric acid cycle
Series of steps whereby four reduced coenzymes, two carbon dioxide molecules, one ATP and water is formed.
Electron Transport Chain
Four reduced coenzymes generated during the citric acid cycle undergo oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.
Glycolysis
Catabiolic reaction that generates two pyretic acid molecules from one glucose molecule.
Aerobic pathway
In the presence of oxygen is converted into Acetyl CoA to enter the citric acid cycle
Anaerobic pathway
In the absence of oxygen is converted into lactic acid, which may be used as a energy source in limited amounts.
Glycogenesis
Excess glucose that is not required for ATP generation may be converted into glycogen within the liver and skeletal muscles.
Glycogenolysis
When there is insufficient supplies of glucose available in the blood for body cells to draw on glycogen can be broken down to release glucose.
Basal Metabiolic Rate (BMR)
Measures the minimum amount of calories that your body needs to perform necessary function.