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NE Exam 1 > Imaging of Head/Neck > Flashcards

Imaging of Head/Neck Flashcards

1
Q

This type of imaging is produced by sudden deceleration of electrons hitting anode.

A

X-Ray (Radiograph)

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2
Q

In an X-ray, tissues will differentially absorb radiation of…

A

Gas
Fat
Water
Mineral

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3
Q

What can X-rays indicate?

A

Trauma (fractures)
Degenerative Diseases (i.e., RA)
Post-Operative

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4
Q

What are the types of X-Ray?

A

PA
AP
Lateral

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5
Q

What are adverse effects of X-Rays?

A

Radiation

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6
Q

What are contraindications of X-Rays?

A

Pregnancy

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7
Q

This type of X-Ray is most accurate in determining heart size when a person can stand.

A

PA

***Can use AP when a patient cannot stand

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8
Q

This is type of imaging is when continuous X-Ray radiation passes through the body onto a fluorescent screen creating a moving X-Ray image.

A

Fluoroscopy/Angiography

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9
Q

What are fluoroscopy/angiography indications?

A

Swallow study
Interventional radiology
Arthrography
Cardiac Catheterization

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10
Q

Angiography involves injection of contrast into vasculature, such as…

A

Barium

Iodine

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11
Q

What are adverse effects of fluoroscopy/angiography?

A

Allergic reaction (to contrast)

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12
Q

What are contraindications of fluoroscopy/angiography?

A

Acute kidney injury
Known allergy
Certain medications (Metformin)
Pregnancy

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13
Q

This is a form of fluoroscopy intended to evaluate peripheral vasculature.

A

Angiography

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14
Q

What can angiography indicate?

A 
Aneurysm 
Vascular malformations 
Fistulae 
Stenosis 
Thrombosis 
Dissection 
Stenting
Thrombolysis
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15
Q

What are the pros of angiography?

A

Fast

Diagnostic and therapeutic

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16
Q

What are the cons of angiography?

A

Invasive
Contrast
Radiation

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17
Q

This is a type of fluoroscopy that uses an intrathecal injection of contrast.

A

Myelography

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18
Q

What can myelography indicate?

A

Spinal stenosis
Nerve root compression
CSF leak

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19
Q

What are the pros of myelography?

A

Defines subarachnoid space

Identifies spinal block

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20
Q

What are cons of myelography?

A

Invasive
CSF Leak, Headache
Radiation
Contrast

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21
Q

What are contraindications of myelography?

A

Pregnancy
Kidney damage
Allergies to contrast

22
Q

This type of imaging is a series of X-rays scanned axially. The X-rays are digitally re-sliced in any plane.

A

Computer Tomography (CT)

23
Q

In CT, radiodensity is measured in…

A

Hounsfield Units (HU)

24
Q

How many HU is water?

A

0

25
Q

In CT, all densities are compared to water (0 HU). Hyperdense things appear (WHITE/BLACK), while hypodense things appear (WHITE/BLACK).

A

White
Black

***Bone would be hyperdense (+1000), and air would be hypodense (-1000)

26
Q

In CT, how are scans read?

A

As if looking at the patient from the feet

27
Q

What can CT be used for?

A 
Skull, skull base and vertebrae
Ventricles
Intracranial masses, mass effect
Hemorrhage, ischemia 
Calcification
28
Q

What are the pros of CT?

A

Fast
Relatively inexpensive
Good at detecting large pathology

29
Q

What are the cons of CT?

A

Less detail than MRI
Radiation exposure
Low sensitivity in posterior fossa

30
Q

When should contrast be used in CT?

A 
Neoplasm
Infection
Vascular disease 
Inflammatory disease 
More than 3 hours after onset of symptoms
31
Q

When should non-contrast CT be used?

A 
Trauma
Hemorrhage
Hydrocephalus
Dementia
Epilepsy
Within 3 horus of symptoms
32
Q

T/F. Non-contrast CT is used in patients with head/spine trauma and acute stroke. It is the fastest test to use in emergent situations to provide an appropriate level of detail.

A

True

33
Q

This usually keeps IV contrast out of the brain (gray and white matter). Enhancement of brain parenchyma indicates the absence of this or its pathology.

A

Blood Brain Barrier

34
Q

What structures will enhance with IV contrast outside of the Blood Brain Barrier?

A 
Cerebral blood vessels 
Meninges (Dura, Arachnoid, Pia Mater) 
Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland
Choroid Plexus
35
Q

This creates a rapid IV contrast bolus and is scanned during the arterial phase. It can be digitally reconstructed into 2D and 3D images.

A

CT Angiography

36
Q

What can CT angiography be used for?

A

Atherosclerosis
Dissection
Aneurysm
Trauma

37
Q

What are pros of CT angiography?

A

Non-invasive

Examine vessels from origin

38
Q

What are cons of CT angiography?

A

Contrast
Radiation
Lower resolution

39
Q

For this type of imaging the patient lies in a large magnet which aligns all the protons in the body. Radio waves are then passed through the patient and the returning signals are converted into an image.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

40
Q

MRI is measured by its radiodensity. Hyperintense things appear (BLACK/WHITE) while hypointense things appear (BLACK/WHITE).

A

White

Black

41
Q

What can MRIs be used for?

A

Further evaluation of CT findings
Tumors
Infections
Joint Imaging (i.e., TMJ)

42
Q

What are the pros of MRI?

A

High level of detail
Safe to use in pregnancy
Vessel imaging can be obtained without use of contrast

43
Q

What are the cons of MRI?

A

Time consuming
Contraindications (metal/implantable devices)
Expensive
Claustrophobia

44
Q

This type of MRI is when CSF is dark (hypointense) and white matter is bright (hyperintense). It is good for imaging normal anatomy.

A

T1 Weighted MRI

45
Q

This type of MRI is when CSF is bright (hyperintense) and white matter is dark (hypointense). It is good for visualizing pathology.

A

T2 Weighted MRI

46
Q

This type of MRI is an inversion recovery set to null fluids.

A

FLAIR (Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery)

47
Q

This type of MRI removes CSF from T2 MRI (CSF is bright in this type). Enhances fluid with high protein content, such as edema/abscess.

A

T2 FLAIR

48
Q

This a noninvasive imaging technique that has a transducer that emits ultrasound waves into the body. The transducer then function as a receiver that records the energy.

A

Ultrasound

49
Q

What are uses for ultrasound?

A

Evaluation of Carotid arteries

Placement of central lines

50
Q

What pros of using ultrasound?

A

Non-invasive
Cheap
No radiation

51
Q

What cons of using ultrasound?

A

Learning curve

52
Q

Review the practice cases (slides 22-33)

A

Review 10 minutes!

NE Exam 1 (19 decks)

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