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NE Exam 1 > Imaging of Head/Neck > Flashcards

Imaging of Head/Neck Flashcards

1
Q

This type of imaging is produced by sudden deceleration of electrons hitting anode.

A

X-Ray (Radiograph)

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2
Q

In an X-ray, tissues will differentially absorb radiation of…

A

Gas
Fat
Water
Mineral

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3
Q

What can X-rays indicate?

A

Trauma (fractures)
Degenerative Diseases (i.e., RA)
Post-Operative

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4
Q

What are the types of X-Ray?

A

PA
AP
Lateral

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5
Q

What are adverse effects of X-Rays?

A

Radiation

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6
Q

What are contraindications of X-Rays?

A

Pregnancy

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7
Q

This type of X-Ray is most accurate in determining heart size when a person can stand.

A

PA

***Can use AP when a patient cannot stand

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8
Q

This is type of imaging is when continuous X-Ray radiation passes through the body onto a fluorescent screen creating a moving X-Ray image.

A

Fluoroscopy/Angiography

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9
Q

What are fluoroscopy/angiography indications?

A

Swallow study
Interventional radiology
Arthrography
Cardiac Catheterization

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10
Q

Angiography involves injection of contrast into vasculature, such as…

A

Barium

Iodine

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11
Q

What are adverse effects of fluoroscopy/angiography?

A

Allergic reaction (to contrast)

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12
Q

What are contraindications of fluoroscopy/angiography?

A

Acute kidney injury
Known allergy
Certain medications (Metformin)
Pregnancy

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13
Q

This is a form of fluoroscopy intended to evaluate peripheral vasculature.

A

Angiography

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14
Q

What can angiography indicate?

A 
Aneurysm 
Vascular malformations 
Fistulae 
Stenosis 
Thrombosis 
Dissection 
Stenting
Thrombolysis
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15
Q

What are the pros of angiography?

A

Fast

Diagnostic and therapeutic

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16
Q

What are the cons of angiography?

A

Invasive
Contrast
Radiation

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17
Q

This is a type of fluoroscopy that uses an intrathecal injection of contrast.

A

Myelography

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18
Q

What can myelography indicate?

A

Spinal stenosis
Nerve root compression
CSF leak

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19
Q

What are the pros of myelography?

A

Defines subarachnoid space

Identifies spinal block

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20
Q

What are cons of myelography?

A

Invasive
CSF Leak, Headache
Radiation
Contrast

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21
Q

What are contraindications of myelography?

A

Pregnancy
Kidney damage
Allergies to contrast

22
Q

This type of imaging is a series of X-rays scanned axially. The X-rays are digitally re-sliced in any plane.

A

Computer Tomography (CT)

23
Q

In CT, radiodensity is measured in…

A

Hounsfield Units (HU)

24
Q

How many HU is water?

25
In CT, all densities are compared to water (0 HU). Hyperdense things appear (WHITE/BLACK), while hypodense things appear (WHITE/BLACK).
White Black ***Bone would be hyperdense (+1000), and air would be hypodense (-1000)
26
In CT, how are scans read?
As if looking at the patient from the feet
27
What can CT be used for?
``` Skull, skull base and vertebrae Ventricles Intracranial masses, mass effect Hemorrhage, ischemia Calcification ```
28
What are the pros of CT?
Fast Relatively inexpensive Good at detecting large pathology
29
What are the cons of CT?
Less detail than MRI Radiation exposure Low sensitivity in posterior fossa
30
When should contrast be used in CT?
``` Neoplasm Infection Vascular disease Inflammatory disease More than 3 hours after onset of symptoms ```
31
When should non-contrast CT be used?
``` Trauma Hemorrhage Hydrocephalus Dementia Epilepsy Within 3 horus of symptoms ```
32
T/F. Non-contrast CT is used in patients with head/spine trauma and acute stroke. It is the fastest test to use in emergent situations to provide an appropriate level of detail.
True
33
This usually keeps IV contrast out of the brain (gray and white matter). Enhancement of brain parenchyma indicates the absence of this or its pathology.
Blood Brain Barrier
34
What structures will enhance with IV contrast outside of the Blood Brain Barrier?
``` Cerebral blood vessels Meninges (Dura, Arachnoid, Pia Mater) Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland Choroid Plexus ```
35
This creates a rapid IV contrast bolus and is scanned during the arterial phase. It can be digitally reconstructed into 2D and 3D images.
CT Angiography
36
What can CT angiography be used for?
Atherosclerosis Dissection Aneurysm Trauma
37
What are pros of CT angiography?
Non-invasive | Examine vessels from origin
38
What are cons of CT angiography?
Contrast Radiation Lower resolution
39
For this type of imaging the patient lies in a large magnet which aligns all the protons in the body. Radio waves are then passed through the patient and the returning signals are converted into an image.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
40
MRI is measured by its radiodensity. Hyperintense things appear (BLACK/WHITE) while hypointense things appear (BLACK/WHITE).
White | Black
41
What can MRIs be used for?
Further evaluation of CT findings Tumors Infections Joint Imaging (i.e., TMJ)
42
What are the pros of MRI?
High level of detail Safe to use in pregnancy Vessel imaging can be obtained without use of contrast
43
What are the cons of MRI?
Time consuming Contraindications (metal/implantable devices) Expensive Claustrophobia
44
This type of MRI is when CSF is dark (hypointense) and white matter is bright (hyperintense). It is good for imaging normal anatomy.
T1 Weighted MRI
45
This type of MRI is when CSF is bright (hyperintense) and white matter is dark (hypointense). It is good for visualizing pathology.
T2 Weighted MRI
46
This type of MRI is an inversion recovery set to null fluids.
FLAIR (Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery)
47
This type of MRI removes CSF from T2 MRI (CSF is bright in this type). Enhances fluid with high protein content, such as edema/abscess.
T2 FLAIR
48
This a noninvasive imaging technique that has a transducer that emits ultrasound waves into the body. The transducer then function as a receiver that records the energy.
Ultrasound
49
What are uses for ultrasound?
Evaluation of Carotid arteries | Placement of central lines
50
What pros of using ultrasound?
Non-invasive Cheap No radiation
51
What cons of using ultrasound?
Learning curve
52
Review the practice cases (slides 22-33)
Review 10 minutes!

NE Exam 1 (19 decks)

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