Histology of Nasal & Oral Cavities Flashcards by Staci Thomas

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium made of?

Pseudostratified Columna Ciliated Epithelium

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What are the “hallmarks” of respiratory epithelium?

Cilia
Goblet cells
Thick basement membrane

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Just beneath the respiratory epithelium, there is the ________ ________ which has a rich, vascular network with a complex set of capillary loops.

Lamina Propria

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Respiratory epithelium also has non-ciliated ______ ______, which are stem cells.

Basal cells

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The nasal cavities are divided by what?

Nasal Septum

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There are 3 regions within the nasal cavity, which are…

Nasal Vestibule
Respiratory Region
Olfactory Region

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This region of the nasal cavity is just inside the nostrils, lined by skin.

Nasal Vestibule

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This region of the nasal cavity is the inferior 2/3. It is lined with respiratory mucosa (epithelium).

Respiratory Region

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This region of the nasal cavity is located at the apex (upper 1/3), and is lined by specialized olfactory mucosa (epithelium).

Olfactory Region

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What is the function of the nasal cavities?

Adjusts temperature and humidity of inspired air.

***Warms air, because if we took in cold air it could cause tissue damage over time.

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What enhances the ability of the nasal cavities to adjust air temperature and humidity?

Turbinate bones (conchae) – provide larger surface area

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These are air-filled spaces in the bones of the walls of the nasal cavity.

Paranasal Sinuses

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Paranasal Sinuses are extensions of the _________ region of the nasal cavity, lined by _________ epithelium.

Respiratory

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Sinuses communicate with nasal cavities via narrow openings into the respiratory mucosa. Mucous produced in the sinuses is swept into the nasal cavities by ________ movements.

Ciliary

***Remember, respiratory epithelium is ciliated

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________ are often subject to acute infection after viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. Severe infection may require physical drainage.

Sinuses

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What type of epithelium is within the Nasal Vestibule?

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (skin)

***This is external opening, nares/nostrils

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Olfactory mucosa (epithelium) is very similar to respiratory epithelium, except for what “hallmarks”?

Dramatically thicker
Lacks Goblet cells
Thin basement membrane

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Olfactory mucosa (epithelium) is made of what type of epithelial tissue?

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

***Same as Respiratory Epithelium

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Olfactory mucosa (epithelium) contains receptors for what?

Sense of smell

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In place of Goblet cells, Olfactory mucosa has these.

Olfactory Glands – serous secretions that dissolve odorant molecules

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Why is the Olfactory mucosa in the superior 1/3 of the nasal cavity?

Because it has receptors for smell, and it needs to be close to the Olfactory bulb and brain so it can relay information.

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These cells have a single dendritic process and have specialized, nonmotile cilia with odorant receptors.

Olfactory receptor cells

***Also called Olfactory receptor nerves (ORNs)

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In Olfactory receptor cells, ligand binding to odorant receptors causes signals to be sent to the…

Olfactory Bulb

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Why type of receptor are the odorant receptors?

GPCRs

***Has secondary messenger

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Olfactory Glands secrete mucous across the epithelium, which allows ________ molecules to get trapped. Based on the molecule trapped, specific ORNs will be stimulated.

Odorant

These are stem cells for Olfactory Receptors and supporting cells.

Basal cells

These are ciliated, columnar epithelial cells that are in contact with CN V.

Brush cells

These cells provide mechanical and metabolic support to the Olfactory Receptor cells.

Supporting/Sustentacular cells

The oral cavity is lined by a protective mucous membrane, called the ________ ________.

Oral mucosa

What type of epithelium is within the oral cavity?

Stratified Squamous with varying keratinization (depending on location in mouth)

The oral mucosa is supported by dense collagenous tissue, called the...

Lamina Propria

The Lamina Propria in the oral cavity is connective tissue composed of...

Fibroblasts WBCs Collagen fibers

What are the two layers of the Lamina Propria?

Papillary Layer | Dense Layer

This layer of the Lamina Propria is superficial, loose CT with neurovasculature.

Papillary Layer

This layer of the Lamina Propria is deep, dense irregular CT with large amounts of fibers. This is the more supportive layer.

Dense Layer

In the oral cavity, a _________ layer is present depending on the location. It is comprised of loose CT, adipose tissue, and salivary glands.

Submucosal

This provides a protective surface for the hard palate, gingiva, and dorsal surface of the tongue (i.e., when biting apple with front teeth).

Masticatory Mucosa

What type of epithelium is Masticatory Mucosa made of?

Keratinized OR Parakeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

What is the difference between Keratinized and Parakeratinized epithelium (as in Masticatory Mucosa)?

Parakeratinized still have their nuclei, while keratinized do not.

In Masticatory Mucosa, superficial cells do not lose their nuclei and cytoplasm does not stain intensely with eosin. The nuclei are _________ (highly condensed) and remain until the cell is exfoliated.

Pyknotic

The Masticatory Mucosa is highly interdigitated with _______ _______ and _________.

Rete Ridges Papillae ***Very similar to Dermal Papillae and Ridges in epidermal skin and dermis!

T/F. Masticatory Mucosa has a very thick, prominent submucosa.

False. Masticatory Mucosa has a thin or absent submucosa.

This type of mucosa (epithelium) is found on the lips, cheeks, alveolar mucosal surface, floor of the mouth, inferior surfaces of the tongue, and soft palate.

Lining Mucosa

This type of mucosa has fewer Rete Ridges and CT Papillae, and has a distinct submucosa.

Lining Mucosa

What type of epithelium is Lining Mucosa?

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium -- may be parakeratinized in select locations

This mucosa is thicker than keratinized epithelium (Masticatory Mucosa) and consists of three layers.

Lining Mucosa

What are the three layers that make up the Lining Mucosa?

1) Stratum Basale 2) Stratum Spinosum 3) Stratum Superficiale

This layer of the Lining Mucosa is a single layer of cells resting on the basal lamina. Deepest layer.

Stratum Basale

This layer of Lining Mucosa is several cells thick, and is the middle layer.

Stratum Spinosum

This layer of Lining Mucosa is the most superficial layer of cells (aka the surface layer of the mucosa).

Stratum Superficiale

Specialized mucosa is associated with the sensation of ________ and is restricted to the ________ surface of the tongue.

Taste | Dorsal

The tongue has Masticatory and Specialized Mucosa, which are what type of epithelium?

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

The tongue has Masticatory and Specialized Mucosa that covers the muscular surface. It contains ________ ________ and taste buds responsible for gustation.

Lingual Papillae

These are structures of keratinized epithelium with Lamina Propria. They small, elevated structures of specialized mucosa and some of which are associated with taste buds.

Lingual Papilla

This type of papillae are the most wide-spread. They move food toward the pharynx for swallowing a gives the dorsal surface of the tongue a velvety texture. Shaped like fine-pointed cones and has NO taste buds!

Filiform Papillae

This type of papillae are vertical ridges on the lateral surface of the tongue in more posterior regions. They provide taste sensation.

Foliate Papillae

This type of papillae is on the dorsal surface of the tongue, and is found in lesser numbers. Provides taste sensation.

Fungiform Papillae

This type of papillae consists of 7-15 mushroom-shaped structures, anterior to sulcus terminalis. They have a sunken appearance and are surrounded by a trench. Hundreds of taste buds are present. Most posteriorly located papillae.

Circumvallate Papillae

These are barrel-shaped organs that perceive food molecules. They are comprised of 30-80 spindle-shaped cells that extend form the basement membrane.

Taste Buds

What are the 5 taste sensations taste buds can detect?

``` Sweet Salty Sour/Acidic Bitter Umami ```

Each taste bud can discern all five tastes but appear to concentrate on ______ of the five.

Two

In what other locations are taste buds present besides the tongue?

Glossopalatine Arch Soft Palate Posterior surface of Epiglottis Posterior wall of Pharynx

The sensory cells within taste buds give off microvilli called...

Taste hairs

These are elongated cells that extend from the basal lamina of the epithelium to the taste pore. They have microvilli that will extend through the pore.

Neuroepithelial (sensory) cells

Neuroepithelial (sensory) cells synapse with afferent sensory neurons of which cranial nerves?

CN VII CN IX CN X

These are elongated cells that extend from the basal lamina to the taste pore and contain microvilli on their apical surface. They do NOT synapse with the nerve cells.

Supporting cells

These are small cells located in the basal portion of the taste bud, near the basal lamina. Stem cells for neuroepithelial (sensory) cells and supporting cells.

Basal cells

These are large, irregular masses of aggregated lymphoid tissue. Nodules are typically dispersed singly in a random manner.

Tonsils

Where are tonsils located?

Mucosa of posterior oral cavity, oropharynx, and nasopharynx

_______ help protect against inhaled or ingested substances and can be partially encapsulated. Function in immunology.

Tonsils

This is the component of the tonsils where pathogens get stuck, and the lymphatic nodules then attack the pathogens because they are highly populated with lymphocytes.

Tonsillar Crypts

This tonsil type is lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and possesses 10-20 deep invaginations called Tonsillar Crypts. Epithelial lining is densely populated with lymphocytes and dense CT acts as a partial capsule.

Palatine Tonsil

This tonsil type is a single structure on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. It is covered with Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium. It has a thin underlying capsule and invaginated mucosa with shallow inholdings. NO crypts.

Pharyngeal Tonsil

This tonsil type is positioned alongside the base of the tongue. It is covered with Stratified Squamous Epithelium and possesses germinal centers. Has varying number of crypts. Lacks a capsule.

Lingual Tonsil

The teeth are divided into what two major components?

Crown | Root

The tooth crown projects into the oral cavity and is protected by ________. The root is embedded in the alveolar ridges of an ________ (tooth socket).

Enamel | Alveolus

The bulk of the tooth (root and crown) is made up of ________, which encloses a central chamber that contains ________.

Dentin | Pulp

The root of the tooth is invested by a thin layer called...

Cementum

Dentin is composed of a calcified organic matrix similar to that of bone, as well as inorganic components in its matrix such as...

Calcium Hydroxyapatite Crystals

These are parallel tubes that radiate to the periphery of the dentin.

Dentinal tubules

This is a translucent substance composed of parallel enamel rods (prisms) of calcium hydroxyapatite. The rods are cemented together by an almost equally calcified interprismatic material. Hardest material in the body!

Enamel ***Superficial to dentin

Prominent lines that cross enamel diagonally represent incremental ________ lines.

Growth

This is a very thin, amorphous calcified tissue (calcium hydroxyapatite) into which the Periodontal L. is anchored. It covers the dentin in the root and is thicker towards the apex of the root.

Cementum *** "Cements" tooth in sockets

This is the core of the tooth, deep to dentin. It consists of loose, mesenchymal CT which has collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells.

Pulp

T/F. Pulp is highly vascular, well-innervated, and provides nutrition to dentin. It can form a reactive dentin due to chronic injury.

True ***It's what gives dark appearance of tooth when it "dies" due to damage

This consists of the Cementum, Periodontal L., Alveolar bone, and Gingiva.

Periodontium

This ligament inserts into the Cementum and Alveolar bone that lines the Alveolus. It is comprised of collagen fibers.

Periodontal Ligament (PDL)

When we lose teeth as a child, the PDL becomes detached via what cells?

Osteoclasts