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NE Exam 1 > Histology of Nasal & Oral Cavities > Flashcards

Histology of Nasal & Oral Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium made of?

A

Pseudostratified Columna Ciliated Epithelium

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2
Q

What are the “hallmarks” of respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Cilia
  • Goblet cells
  • Thick basement membrane
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3
Q

Just beneath the respiratory epithelium, there is the ________ ________ which has a rich, vascular network with a complex set of capillary loops.

A

Lamina Propria

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4
Q

Respiratory epithelium also has non-ciliated ______ ______, which are stem cells.

A

Basal cells

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5
Q

The nasal cavities are divided by what?

A

Nasal Septum

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6
Q

There are 3 regions within the nasal cavity, which are…

A

Nasal Vestibule
Respiratory Region
Olfactory Region

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7
Q

This region of the nasal cavity is just inside the nostrils, lined by skin.

A

Nasal Vestibule

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8
Q

This region of the nasal cavity is the inferior 2/3. It is lined with respiratory mucosa (epithelium).

A

Respiratory Region

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9
Q

This region of the nasal cavity is located at the apex (upper 1/3), and is lined by specialized olfactory mucosa (epithelium).

A

Olfactory Region

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10
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavities?

A

Adjusts temperature and humidity of inspired air.

***Warms air, because if we took in cold air it could cause tissue damage over time.

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11
Q

What enhances the ability of the nasal cavities to adjust air temperature and humidity?

A

Turbinate bones (conchae) – provide larger surface area

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12
Q

These are air-filled spaces in the bones of the walls of the nasal cavity.

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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13
Q

Paranasal Sinuses are extensions of the _________ region of the nasal cavity, lined by _________ epithelium.

A

Respiratory

Respiratory

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14
Q

Sinuses communicate with nasal cavities via narrow openings into the respiratory mucosa. Mucous produced in the sinuses is swept into the nasal cavities by ________ movements.

A

Ciliary

***Remember, respiratory epithelium is ciliated

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15
Q

________ are often subject to acute infection after viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. Severe infection may require physical drainage.

A

Sinuses

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16
Q

What type of epithelium is within the Nasal Vestibule?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (skin)

***This is external opening, nares/nostrils

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17
Q

Olfactory mucosa (epithelium) is very similar to respiratory epithelium, except for what “hallmarks”?

A
  • Dramatically thicker
  • Lacks Goblet cells
  • Thin basement membrane
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18
Q

Olfactory mucosa (epithelium) is made of what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

***Same as Respiratory Epithelium

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19
Q

Olfactory mucosa (epithelium) contains receptors for what?

A

Sense of smell

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20
Q

In place of Goblet cells, Olfactory mucosa has these.

A

Olfactory Glands – serous secretions that dissolve odorant molecules

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21
Q

Why is the Olfactory mucosa in the superior 1/3 of the nasal cavity?

A

Because it has receptors for smell, and it needs to be close to the Olfactory bulb and brain so it can relay information.

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22
Q

These cells have a single dendritic process and have specialized, nonmotile cilia with odorant receptors.

A

Olfactory receptor cells

***Also called Olfactory receptor nerves (ORNs)

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23
Q

In Olfactory receptor cells, ligand binding to odorant receptors causes signals to be sent to the…

A

Olfactory Bulb

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24
Q

Why type of receptor are the odorant receptors?

A

GPCRs

***Has secondary messenger

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25
Q

Olfactory Glands secrete mucous across the epithelium, which allows ________ molecules to get trapped. Based on the molecule trapped, specific ORNs will be stimulated.

A

Odorant

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26
Q

These are stem cells for Olfactory Receptors and supporting cells.

A

Basal cells

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27
Q

These are ciliated, columnar epithelial cells that are in contact with CN V.

A

Brush cells

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28
Q

These cells provide mechanical and metabolic support to the Olfactory Receptor cells.

A

Supporting/Sustentacular cells

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29
Q

The oral cavity is lined by a protective mucous membrane, called the ________ ________.

A

Oral mucosa

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30
Q

What type of epithelium is within the oral cavity?

A

Stratified Squamous with varying keratinization (depending on location in mouth)

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31
Q

The oral mucosa is supported by dense collagenous tissue, called the…

A

Lamina Propria

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32
Q

The Lamina Propria in the oral cavity is connective tissue composed of…

A

Fibroblasts
WBCs
Collagen fibers

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33
Q

What are the two layers of the Lamina Propria?

A

Papillary Layer

Dense Layer

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34
Q

This layer of the Lamina Propria is superficial, loose CT with neurovasculature.

A

Papillary Layer

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35
Q

This layer of the Lamina Propria is deep, dense irregular CT with large amounts of fibers. This is the more supportive layer.

A

Dense Layer

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36
Q

In the oral cavity, a _________ layer is present depending on the location. It is comprised of loose CT, adipose tissue, and salivary glands.

A

Submucosal

37
Q

This provides a protective surface for the hard palate, gingiva, and dorsal surface of the tongue (i.e., when biting apple with front teeth).

A

Masticatory Mucosa

38
Q

What type of epithelium is Masticatory Mucosa made of?

A

Keratinized OR Parakeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

39
Q

What is the difference between Keratinized and Parakeratinized epithelium (as in Masticatory Mucosa)?

A

Parakeratinized still have their nuclei, while keratinized do not.

40
Q

In Masticatory Mucosa, superficial cells do not lose their nuclei and cytoplasm does not stain intensely with eosin. The nuclei are _________ (highly condensed) and remain until the cell is exfoliated.

A

Pyknotic

41
Q

The Masticatory Mucosa is highly interdigitated with _______ _______ and _________.

A

Rete Ridges
Papillae

***Very similar to Dermal Papillae and Ridges in epidermal skin and dermis!

42
Q

T/F. Masticatory Mucosa has a very thick, prominent submucosa.

A

False. Masticatory Mucosa has a thin or absent submucosa.

43
Q

This type of mucosa (epithelium) is found on the lips, cheeks, alveolar mucosal surface, floor of the mouth, inferior surfaces of the tongue, and soft palate.

A

Lining Mucosa

44
Q

This type of mucosa has fewer Rete Ridges and CT Papillae, and has a distinct submucosa.

A

Lining Mucosa

45
Q

What type of epithelium is Lining Mucosa?

A

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium – may be parakeratinized in select locations

46
Q

This mucosa is thicker than keratinized epithelium (Masticatory Mucosa) and consists of three layers.

A

Lining Mucosa

47
Q

What are the three layers that make up the Lining Mucosa?

A

1) Stratum Basale
2) Stratum Spinosum
3) Stratum Superficiale

48
Q

This layer of the Lining Mucosa is a single layer of cells resting on the basal lamina. Deepest layer.

A

Stratum Basale

49
Q

This layer of Lining Mucosa is several cells thick, and is the middle layer.

A

Stratum Spinosum

50
Q

This layer of Lining Mucosa is the most superficial layer of cells (aka the surface layer of the mucosa).

A

Stratum Superficiale

51
Q

Specialized mucosa is associated with the sensation of ________ and is restricted to the ________ surface of the tongue.

A

Taste

Dorsal

52
Q

The tongue has Masticatory and Specialized Mucosa, which are what type of epithelium?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

53
Q

The tongue has Masticatory and Specialized Mucosa that covers the muscular surface. It contains ________ ________ and taste buds responsible for gustation.

A

Lingual Papillae

54
Q

These are structures of keratinized epithelium with Lamina Propria. They small, elevated structures of specialized mucosa and some of which are associated with taste buds.

A

Lingual Papilla

55
Q

This type of papillae are the most wide-spread. They move food toward the pharynx for swallowing a gives the dorsal surface of the tongue a velvety texture. Shaped like fine-pointed cones and has NO taste buds!

A

Filiform Papillae

56
Q

This type of papillae are vertical ridges on the lateral surface of the tongue in more posterior regions. They provide taste sensation.

A

Foliate Papillae

57
Q

This type of papillae is on the dorsal surface of the tongue, and is found in lesser numbers. Provides taste sensation.

A

Fungiform Papillae

58
Q

This type of papillae consists of 7-15 mushroom-shaped structures, anterior to sulcus terminalis. They have a sunken appearance and are surrounded by a trench. Hundreds of taste buds are present. Most posteriorly located papillae.

A

Circumvallate Papillae

59
Q

These are barrel-shaped organs that perceive food molecules. They are comprised of 30-80 spindle-shaped cells that extend form the basement membrane.

A

Taste Buds

60
Q

What are the 5 taste sensations taste buds can detect?

A 
Sweet
Salty
Sour/Acidic
Bitter
Umami
61
Q

Each taste bud can discern all five tastes but appear to concentrate on ______ of the five.

A

Two

62
Q

In what other locations are taste buds present besides the tongue?

A

Glossopalatine Arch
Soft Palate
Posterior surface of Epiglottis
Posterior wall of Pharynx

63
Q

The sensory cells within taste buds give off microvilli called…

A

Taste hairs

64
Q

These are elongated cells that extend from the basal lamina of the epithelium to the taste pore. They have microvilli that will extend through the pore.

A

Neuroepithelial (sensory) cells

65
Q

Neuroepithelial (sensory) cells synapse with afferent sensory neurons of which cranial nerves?

A

CN VII
CN IX
CN X

66
Q

These are elongated cells that extend from the basal lamina to the taste pore and contain microvilli on their apical surface. They do NOT synapse with the nerve cells.

A

Supporting cells

67
Q

These are small cells located in the basal portion of the taste bud, near the basal lamina. Stem cells for neuroepithelial (sensory) cells and supporting cells.

A

Basal cells

68
Q

These are large, irregular masses of aggregated lymphoid tissue. Nodules are typically dispersed singly in a random manner.

A

Tonsils

69
Q

Where are tonsils located?

A

Mucosa of posterior oral cavity, oropharynx, and nasopharynx

70
Q

_______ help protect against inhaled or ingested substances and can be partially encapsulated. Function in immunology.

A

Tonsils

71
Q

This is the component of the tonsils where pathogens get stuck, and the lymphatic nodules then attack the pathogens because they are highly populated with lymphocytes.

A

Tonsillar Crypts

72
Q

This tonsil type is lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and possesses 10-20 deep invaginations called Tonsillar Crypts. Epithelial lining is densely populated with lymphocytes and dense CT acts as a partial capsule.

A

Palatine Tonsil

73
Q

This tonsil type is a single structure on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. It is covered with Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium. It has a thin underlying capsule and invaginated mucosa with shallow inholdings. NO crypts.

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil

74
Q

This tonsil type is positioned alongside the base of the tongue. It is covered with Stratified Squamous Epithelium and possesses germinal centers. Has varying number of crypts. Lacks a capsule.

A

Lingual Tonsil

75
Q

The teeth are divided into what two major components?

A

Crown

Root

76
Q

The tooth crown projects into the oral cavity and is protected by ________. The root is embedded in the alveolar ridges of an ________ (tooth socket).

A

Enamel

Alveolus

77
Q

The bulk of the tooth (root and crown) is made up of ________, which encloses a central chamber that contains ________.

A

Dentin

Pulp

78
Q

The root of the tooth is invested by a thin layer called…

A

Cementum

79
Q

Dentin is composed of a calcified organic matrix similar to that of bone, as well as inorganic components in its matrix such as…

A

Calcium Hydroxyapatite Crystals

80
Q

These are parallel tubes that radiate to the periphery of the dentin.

A

Dentinal tubules

81
Q

This is a translucent substance composed of parallel enamel rods (prisms) of calcium hydroxyapatite. The rods are cemented together by an almost equally calcified interprismatic material. Hardest material in the body!

A

Enamel

***Superficial to dentin

82
Q

Prominent lines that cross enamel diagonally represent incremental ________ lines.

A

Growth

83
Q

This is a very thin, amorphous calcified tissue (calcium hydroxyapatite) into which the Periodontal L. is anchored. It covers the dentin in the root and is thicker towards the apex of the root.

A

Cementum

*** “Cements” tooth in sockets

84
Q

This is the core of the tooth, deep to dentin. It consists of loose, mesenchymal CT which has collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells.

A

Pulp

85
Q

T/F. Pulp is highly vascular, well-innervated, and provides nutrition to dentin. It can form a reactive dentin due to chronic injury.

A

True

***It’s what gives dark appearance of tooth when it “dies” due to damage

86
Q

This consists of the Cementum, Periodontal L., Alveolar bone, and Gingiva.

A

Periodontium

87
Q

This ligament inserts into the Cementum and Alveolar bone that lines the Alveolus. It is comprised of collagen fibers.

A

Periodontal Ligament (PDL)

88
Q

When we lose teeth as a child, the PDL becomes detached via what cells?

A

Osteoclasts

NE Exam 1 (19 decks)

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