ii Flashcards
- It is a connective tissue composed of a liquid extracellular matrix
- It is a complex transport medium that performs vital pickup and delivery services for the body as well as thermoregulation.
- the main medium for transporting nutrients absorbed by the digestive system, hormones released by the endocrine system.
- It facilitates regulation to maintain homeostasis.
- Denser and more viscous than water
- It is slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.35 – 7.45.
- Its color depends on its oxygen saturation.
Blood
A liquid extracellular matrix in the blood that dissolves and suspends various cells and cell fragments.
Blood plasma
An average adult has a total blood volume of —- which constitutes — of extracellular fluid and —–of body mass.
5 – 6 liters; 20%; 8%
Is there a difference of total blood volume between males and females?
Yes, there is, due to the difference in body size
Blood is composed of ——-, and ———-.
plasma; formed elements
This is is a clear, straw – colored fluid that is primarily made up of water, proteins and other solutes. Its water component acts as a solvent and suspends the formed elements of the blood.
Blood plasma
Proteins in blood exert ———– facilitating the maintenance of water balance between blood and tissues thereby regulating blood volume.
osmotic pressure
Other solutes dissolved in plasma include:
- electrolytes
- nutrients
- gases
- regulatory substances
- waste products
It is normally uniform throughout the body. However, because arterial puncture is technically difficult and potentially hazardous, it is primarily reserved for blood gas evaluation and certain emergency situations and performed only by those with special training.
Arterial blood composition
It is affected by metabolic activity of the tissue it drains and varies by collection site. It differs most from arterial blood in its lower oxygen content, but chloride, glucose, pH, CO2, lactic acid, and ammonia levels may also differ. Impaired blood flow can affect other analytes.
Venous blood composition
This contains arterial and venous blood plus tissue fluid. Because it enters capillaries under pressure, the arterial portion is highest. Warming the site increases it further.
The composition differs most from venous blood. Capillary glucose is normally higher; calcium, potassium, and total protein are normally lower. Squeezing the site can falsely
elevate potassium levels, however.
Capillary blood
Two components of whole blood
- formed elements
- blood plasma
Two components of whole blood:
cells and cell fragments
Formed elements
Two components of whole blood:
* a watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
Blood plasma
Red blood cells (45%), White blood cells, Platelets
Formed elements
- transport gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) throughout the body and maintain systemic acid/base balance
- The fraction occupied by these cells to the entire blood volume is known as the hematocrit.
Red blood cells (45%) / Erythrocytes
What gases do erythrocytes transport throughout the body and maintain systemic acid/base balance?
oxygen, carbon dioxide
What is the fraction occupied by the red blood cells to the entire blood volume?
Hematocrit
- Leukocytes protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances.
- Each type of these contributes in its own way to the body’s defense mechanisms.
- Granular leukocytes: Neutrophil (60-70%), Eosinophils (2-4%), & Basophil (0.5 – 1%)
- Agranular leukocytes: Lymphocytes (20–25%) & Monocytes (3-8%)
- Key players in the defense against invading microorganisms, and in the repair of injured tissues
White blood cells
- Azurophilic granules (Lysosomes)
- Specific granules-that bind neutral, basic, or acidic stains and have specific function
- Have polymorphic nuclei (2 or more nuclear lobes)
Granulocytes (Leukocytes)
- Azurophilic granules (Lysosomes)
- No specific granules-with affinity for basic stain azure A
- The nucleus is spherical or intented but not lobulated
Agranulocytes (Leukocytes)
Neutrophil (60-70%), Eosinophils (2-4%), & Basophil (0.5 – 1%)
Granular leukocytes
Lymphocytes (20–25%) & Monocytes (3-8%)
Agranular leukocytes
- (60-70%)
- Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite anion.
- aka NEUTS, segmented, SEGs polymorphonuclear or PMNs
- Size: 10-16 um with nucleus
- 2-5 nuclear lobes (centrally or eccentrically)
- Color: Nucleus-purplish-red with clumped chromatin
- Pink or lavender-staining granules
- Life span: 1-4 d
- Kill and phagocytose bacteria
Neutrophil
- (2-4%)
- Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen– antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms.
- Size: 10-16 um
- Has 2 nuclear lobes (centrally or eccentrically), bigger than segmented neutrophils
- Chromatin: coarsely granular
- Color: deep blue-purple
- Cytoplasm: when stained, appears pink with red specific eosinophilic granules
- Nucleus: Bilobed
- Life span: 1-2 weeks
- Kill helminthic and other parasites; modulate local inflammation
Eosinophils
- (0.5 – 1%)
- Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response.
- Size: 10-16 um
- Has 2 distinct nuclear lobes (centrally or eccentrically)
- Nucleus is deep blue-purple with coarsely granular chromatin / Bilobed or S-shaped
- Color: deep blue-purple
- Cytoplasm-moderate and appears pale blue when stained.
- Irregular specific cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus and the cytoplasm
- Life span: Several months
- Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy
Basophil
- (20–25%)
- Mediate immune responses, including antigen–antibody reactions.
- Size: 7-10 um
- Nucleus round or intented, eccentrically located / rather spherical
- Scanty cytoplasm to one side
- Homogenous, coarse blue-purple chromatin
- Cytoplasm appears light sky blue with few to no azurophilic granules
- Life span: hours to many years
- Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
- (3-8%)
- Phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages)
- Size: 15-18 um
- Nucleus: “Kidney bean appearance” / Indented or C-shaped
- the nucleus appears blue-purple with fine reticular pattern
- cytoplasm appears pale gray-blue with abundant “bleb-like”pseudopodia
- Cytoplasmic granules are numerous with fine pale red, dust-like particles
- Life span: hours to years
- Precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells
Monocytes
- These are cell fragments that form a clot to prevent blood from leaking out of the blood vessel. They also release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged.
Platelets/ Thrombocytes
Water (91.5%), Plasma proteins (7%), & Other solutes (1.5%)
Blood Plasma
- (91.5%)
- Major constituent of blood.
- Acts as a solvent and suspending medium.
- Also functions to absorb, transport, and release heat.
Water
- (7%)
- Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure.
- Major contributors to blood viscosity.
- Transport hormones (steroid), fatty acids, and calcium.
- Help regulate blood pH.
- Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen
Plasma proteins
Plasma protein:
* Smallest and most numerous plasma proteins. Help maintain osmotic pressure, an important factor in the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls.
Albumin
Plasma protein:
* Large proteins (plasma cells produce immunoglobulins). Immunoglobulins help attack viruses and bacteria. Alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Globulins
Plasma protein:
* Large protein. Plays essential role in blood clotting.
Fibrinogen
- (1.5%)
- Electrolytes, Nutrients, Gases, Regulatory Substances, and Waste Products
Other solutes
Other solutes:
* Inorganic salts; positively charged (cations) Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+; negatively charged (anions) Cl−, HPO42−, SO42−, HCO3−
Electrolytes
Other solutes:
* Products of digestion, such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals.
Nutrients
Other solutes:
* Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen (N2)
Gases
Other solutes:
* Enzymes, hormones, vitamins.
Regulatory substances
Other solutes:
* Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia. Most are breakdown products of protein metabolism that are carried by the blood to organs of excretion.
Waste products
