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PMLS > B > Flashcards

B Flashcards

1
Q

Six components or ‘links’ in the chain of infection:

A
  1. Infectious agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Exit pathway
  4. Means of transmission
  5. Entry pathway
  6. Susceptible host
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2
Q

Bacteria, fungus, protozoon, rickettsia, virus

A

Infectious Agent

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3
Q

Animal, human, equipment, food, soil, water

A

Reservoir

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4
Q

Blood, exudates, excretions, secretions

A

Portal of Exit

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5
Q

Airborne, contact, droplet, vector, vehicle

A

Mode of transmission

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6
Q

Body orifices, mucous membranes, broken skin

A

Portal of Entry

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7
Q

Elderly, newborn, acute/chronically ill, immune suppressed, unvaccinated

A

Susceptible Host

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8
Q

Also called the causative agent. It is the pathogenic microbe responsible for causing an infection
* Break the link by eliminating or inactivating the agent, preventing the agent from exiting the reservoir, sterilizing surgical instruments, safe food practices, safe drinking water, vaccinations, treating infectious individuals, practicing good hand hygiene.

A

Infectious Agent

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9
Q

Source of an infectious agent. It is a place where the microbe can survive and grow or multiply. It includes humans, animals, food, water, soil, and contaminated articles and equipment.
* Break the link by treating infectious individuals, vaccination, handling and disposing of body fluids appropriately, safe food practices, monitoring water for contamination.

A

Reservoir

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10
Q

It is the ability of the microbe to survive on the object

A

Viability

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11
Q

It is the degree to which the microbe is capable of causing disease, and the amount of time that has passed since the item was contaminated

A

Virulence

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12
Q

It is a ways an infectious agent is able to leave a reservoir host. Can be done in secretions from the eyes, nose, or mouth; exudates from wounds; tissue specimens; blood from venipuncture and skin puncture sites; and excretions of feces and urine
* Break the link by implementing safe practices such as covering coughs and sneezes, handling body fluids with gloves, performing appropriate hand hygiene, and containing
draining wounds. Healthcare providers should not work if they have exudative (wet) lesions or weeping dermatitis.

A

Portal of Exit / Exit pathway

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13
Q

It is the method an infectious agent uses to travel from a reservoir to a susceptible individual. Includes airborne, contact, droplet, vector, and vehicle. The same microbe can be transmitted by more than one route
* Break the link by ensuring transmission between objects or people does not occur; use appropriate barriers, safe practices, spatial separation, engineering controls, hand hygiene, environmental sanitation, and equipment disinfection/sterilization.

A

Mode / Means of Transmission

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14
Q
  • It involves dispersal of infectious agents that can remain infective for long periods of time in particles that are typically less than 5μm in diameter and can be inhaled, such as droplet nuclei (residue of evaporated droplets)
  • particles: generated by sneezing, coughing, talking and activities that produce aerosols, can remain suspended in the air or in dust particles and become widely dispersed and eventually inhaled by susceptible individuals
A

Airborne Transmission

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15
Q

Patients with airborne infections require —?

A

Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms (AIIRs) that have special air handling and ventillation

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16
Q

Anyone who enters an AIIR should wear —-?

A

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) certified N95 (N category, 95% efficiency) or higher-level respirator

17
Q

Myobacterium tuberculosis, ruboela virus, and varicella virus

A

Examples of infectious agents spread by airborne transmission

18
Q
  • It is the most common means of transmitting infection.
  • Two types: Direct and Indirect
A

Contact Transmission

19
Q

It is the physical transfer of an infectious agent to a susceptible host through close or intimate contact such as touching or kissing

A

Direct contact transmission

20
Q

It can occur when a susceptible host touches contaminated objects such as patient bed linens, clothing, dressings, and eating utensils. It includes contact with phlebotomy equipment such as gloves, needles, specimen tubes, testing equipment and trays. It also includes less obvious contaminated objects such as countertops, computer keyboards, phones, pens, pencils, doorknobs, and faucet handles. The transfer of infectious agents from contaminated hands to a susceptible host is also considered

A

Indirect contact transmission

21
Q

These are inanimate objects that can harbor material containing infectious agents

A

Fomites

22
Q

It is the transfer of an infectious agent to the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or conjunctiva of the eyes of a susceptible individual via infectious droplets (particles 5 μm in diameter or larger) generated by coughing, sneezing, or talking through procedures such as suctioning or throat swab collection

A

Droplet transmission

23
Q

It is the transfer of an infectious agent carried by an insect, arthropod, or animal. Ex. the transmission of the West Nile virus by the mosquitoes and bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) by rodent fleas

A

Vector transmission

24
Q

It is the transmission of an infectious agent through contaminated food, water, or drugs. Ex. Salmonella infection from handling contaminated chicken and Shigella infection from drinking contaminated water
Also transmission of hepatitis viruses and HIV through blood transfusion is an example

A

Vehicle transmission

25
Q

It is the way an infectious agent is capable to enter a susceptible host. It includes body orifices; mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth; and breaks in the skin.
* Break the link by performing appropriate hand hygiene, using aseptic technique when required, applying best practice techniques with wound and catheter care, wearing appropriate PPE, eliminating invasive devices when safe to do so and providing safe food and water.

A

Portal of Entry/ Entry pathway

26
Q

It is someone with a decreased ability to resist infection. Factors: age, health, and immune status
* Break the link by ensuring hosts are not susceptible including measures such as immunizations, good nutrition, recognition and treatment of high risk patients

A

Susceptible Host

27
Q

Examples of ways to break the chain of infection

A
  • Effective hand hygiene procedures
  • Good nutrition, adequate rest, and reduction of stress
  • Immunization against common pathogens
  • Insect and rodent control
  • Isolation procedures
  • Proper decontamination of surfaces and instruments
  • Proper disposal of sharps and infectious waste
  • Use of gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, and other personal protective equipment (PPE) when indicated
  • Use of needle safety devices during blood collection

PMLS (26 decks)

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