1 Flashcards
Who developed the early medical theory?
Hippocrates (460-377B.C.)
Who stated that disease was the result of excess substance—such as blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile—within the body?
Hippocrates
It was though that removal of excess would restore ———–
Balance
What was one important surgical technique?
Venesection
What does venesection mean?
cuttinng a vein
Where is venesection used?
process of bloodletting
Where does Venesection come from?
Latin
Venesection: ‘vena’ means?
vein
Venesection: ‘sectio’ means?
cutting
What is the most common method of general bloodletting?
Venesection
What involved cutting into a vein with a sharp instrument and releasing blood in an effort to rid the body of evil spirits, cleanse the body of impurities, or, as in Hippocrates time, bring the body into proper balance?
Venesection
Venesection is another word for?
Phlebotomy
Where does phlebotomy come from?
Greek
Phlebotomy: ‘phlebos’ means?
vein
Phlebotomy: ‘tome’ means?
incision
Some authorities believe phlebotomy dates back to the last period of ——————, when crude tools were used to puncture vessels and allow excess blood to drain out of the body?
Stone Age
What flourished in the early middle ages?
Barber surgeons
Who were the first healthcare professionals who took care of soldiers?
Barber surgeons
What was formed in 1210?
Guild of Barber Surgeons
When was the Guild of Barber Surgeons formed?
1210
What are the two divisions in the Barber Surgeons stated in 1210?
Surgeons of the Long Robe and Surgeons of the Short Robe
What Robe under the Barber Surgeons were forbidden by the law to do any surgery except bloodletting, wound surgery, cupping, leeching, shaving, tooth extraction, and enema administration?
Short Robe
What are the Short Robe forbidden to do abided by the law?
Any surgery except bloodletting, wound surgery, cupping, leeching, shaving, tooth extraction, and enema administration
What did the Barber Surgeons placed outside their doors for them to be distinguished?
Striped pole
Barber Surgeons: What did the striped pole represented?
The pole represented the rod squeezed by the patient to promote bleeding and the white stripe on the pole corresponded to the bandages, which were also used as tourniquets
When was phlebotomy considered a major therapeutic (treatment) process?
17th and early 18th centuries
What tool was used for cutting the vein during venesection and was perhaps the most prevalent medical instrument of the times?
Lancet
What was the usual amount of blood withdrawn?
Aproximately 10mL
What was thought to have contributed to George Washington’s death in 1799?
Excessive phlebotomy
What was George Washington diagnosed?
Throat infection
How many times and days was George Washington bled?
Four times in 2 days
During 17th and 18th century, phlebotomy was also accomplished by?
Cupping and leeching
What art required a great deal of practice to maintain the high degree of dexterity necessary to avoid appearing clumsy and thus frighten the patient away?
Cupping
What involved the application of a heated suction apparatus to the skin to draw the blood to the surface?
Cupping
What was the heated suction apparatus called?
Cup
What typical fleam was used in making a series of parallel incisions in the capillaries?
A wide double-edged blade at right angles to the handle
What were used for general phlebotomy to open an artery or, more commonly, a vein to remove large amounts of blood?
Fleams
What were used for more localized bloodletting?
Leeches
Name of leeches used
Hirudo medicinalis, a European medicinal leech
A procedure that involved enticing the Hirudo medicinalis, a European medicinal leech, to the spot needing bloodletting with a drop of milk or blood on the patient’s skin.
Leeching
By the mid-18th century what was widely practiced in Europe, especially in France?
Leeching
Within the last decade, leeched have made a comeback as ———- from the complications of —————- replantation
defenders; microsurgical
The value of leech therapy lies in the ———-?
Components of the worm’s saliva
What does the leeches’ saliva contain?
Local vasodilator (substance that increases the diameter of blood vessels), a local anasthetic, and hirudin, an anticoagulant (a substance that prevents clotting)
Today, phlebotomy is performed to?
- Obtain blood for diagnostic purposes and to monitor prescribed treatement
- Remove blood for transfusions at a donor center (DONOR PHLEBOTOMY)
- Remove blood fpr therapeutic purposes, such as treatment for polycythemia, a disorder involving the overproduction of red blood cells (PATIENT PHLEBOTOMY)
Phlebotomy is primarily accomplished by one of two procedures. What are these?
- Venipuncture
- Capillary puncture
This involves collecting blood by penetrating a vein with a needle and syringe or other collection apparatus
Venipuncture
This involves collecting blood after puncturing the skin with a lancet
Capillary puncture
What is the term applied to any individual who has been trained in the various techniques to obtain blood for laboratory testing or blood donations?
Phlebotomist
