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MSS-IHL Exam 1 > IHL I - Cytokines and Hematopoeisis > Flashcards

IHL I - Cytokines and Hematopoeisis Flashcards

0
Q

difference between serum and plasma

A

serum lacks fibrinogen

plasma is collected in the presence of an anticoagulant
-heparin or sodium citrate

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1
Q

two components of blood

A

plasma and cells

plasma is liquid

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2
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of new blood cells

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3
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of red blood cells

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4
Q

leukopoiesis

A

formation of white blood cells

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5
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

formation of platelets

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6
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

different stages of development

- yolk-sac phase (main source until third week of gestation)
- hepatic phase (begins early, major source during 2nd trimester)
- bone marrow phase (only location in adulthood)
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7
Q

general trends in hematopoiesis

A

cell diameter decrease
cytoplasm less basophilic
hemoglobin pink color
nuclear to cytoplasm ration decreases (nuclear diameter decrease)
nuclear color change from purple to dark blue
nuclear chromatin condenses

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8
Q

hemopoeitic stem cells

A

pluripotent (can give rise to all three germ layers)
-can also differentate into non-blood cell lineages

self renewing

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9
Q

stem cell factor

A

c-kit ligand that is expressed by bone marrow stromal cells

binds the c-kit receptor

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10
Q

c-kit receptor

A

tyrosine kinase that activates a number of pathways
-MAPK, PI3-K, Jak/STAT

proto-oncogene
-signaling induces differentiated and self-renewal

gain of function leads to over-synthesis of blood cells

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11
Q

imatinib

A

tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor

targets the c-kit receptor

treats chronic myeloid leukemia

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12
Q

lineage restricted progenitor cells

A

multipotent

two categories
-myeloid and lymphoid

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13
Q

leukocyte categories

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes - all myeloid

agranulocytes - one myeloid and lymphoid

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14
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC

- anucleate
- biconcave
- lack organelles
- have plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, hemoglobin, glycolytic enzymes

life 120 days

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15
Q

ABO blood groups

A

glycoproteins on the blood cells

A and B
-O is lack of enzyme and no extra sugar

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16
Q

n-acetylgalactosamine

A

enzyme that adds A antigen to RBCs

adds N-acetylgalactosamine

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17
Q

galactose tranferase

A

enzyme that adds B antigen to RBCs

adds galactose to the blood antigen

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18
Q

AB blood group

A

has both enzymes and has both sugars added

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19
Q

what sugar on the O antigen

A

has glucose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine

-A and B add additional sugars to this structure

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20
Q

erythropoiesis

A

red blood cell development

- in the bone marrow
- last step maturation in the blood stream
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21
Q

what three cytokines are important in erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin (EPO), IL-3, and IL-4

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22
Q

what is the first cell of erythropoiesis

A

common myeloid cell

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23
Q

What are the cells in erythropoiesis pathway

A 
Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte Progenitor (MEP)
Erythrocyte-commited Progenitor (ErP)
Proerythroblast
Basophilic Erythroblast
Polychromatophilic Erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
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24
Q

Proerythroblast

A

large nucleus
stains basophilic - bc lots of free ribosomes synthesizing hemoglobin

can see the nucleolus - ribosome production

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25
Q

basophilic erythroblast

A

large nucleus and basophilic staining

no nucleoli present

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26
Q

polychromatophilic erythroblast

A

large nucleus, lots or ribosomes

stains both basophilic (ribosomes) and acidophilic (hemoglobin)

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27
Q

normoblast

A

changes in nucleus

- dense nucleus
- no longer capable of dividing
- acidophilic - hemoglobin staining
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28
Q

reticulocyte

A

anucleate

eosiniphilic - hemoglobin
basophilic - some ribosomes present

released into the blood stream and then becomes mature erythrocyte
secreted to be blood stream
-will mature to erythrocyte in the blood stream

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29
Q

erythropoietin

A

stimulates erythrocyte production

tyrosine kinase receptor
-JAK-STAT signaling

its synthesis is triggered by Hif1

produced by the kidneys, in the response to Hif-1

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30
Q

EPO receptor

A

expressed by committed erythroid progenitors

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31
Q

activation of EPO receptor?

A

activation leads to antiapoptotic events

EPO receptor on proerythroblasts and normoblasts
-induces their proliferation

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32
Q

recombinant EPO

A

used in the clinic and on the streets!

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33
Q

chronic kidney disease and EPO?

A

kidney damage leads to reduced EPO > anemia

given to patients to increase erythropoiesis

also, used in chemotherapy (which depletes RBCs)

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34
Q

blood doping and EPO?

A

increases the number of RBCs to increase muscle tissue oxygenation

  • detected by isoelectric point different isoforms
    • to find it in athletes
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35
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

small, membrane bound, cytoplasmic fragments, anucleate

divided into peripheral hyalomere and central granulomere
-book divides further

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36
Q

zones of platelet

A

peripheral - cell membrane, glycocalyx, coag factors
structural - cytoskeleton actin and microtubules
organelles - mitochondria, peroxisomes, glycogen, granules
membrane - open canalicular system

37
Q

peripheral zone

A

cell membrane and glycocalyx

- integral membrane glycoproteins
- glycosaminoglycans
- coagulation factors
38
Q

structural zone

A

cytoskeleton

39
Q

organelle zone

A

mitochondria, peroxisome, glycogen, granules

40
Q

membrane zone

A

open canalicular system and dense tubular system

open to external environment
-remnants of breaking down large cell to smaller platelets

41
Q

thrombopoeisis

A

6 step process
occurs from the CMP

in the bone marrow

42
Q

cytokines that regulate thrombopoiesis

A

granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

IL-3

43
Q

megakaryoblast

A

very large
non-lobed nucleus
undergoes endomitosis - replicates but no cytokinesis

forms the megakaryocyte

44
Q

megakaryocyte

A

very large cell

- complex multi-lobed nucleus
- scattered granules
- karyokinesis and cytokinesis to divide into the platelets
45
Q

karyokinesis

A

division of nucleus

46
Q

thrombopoietin

A

produced by the liver (also, kidney and bone marrow)

prevents apoptosis of megakaryocytes
-stimulates their proliferation

47
Q

c-MPL receptor

A

receptor on platelets, megakaryocytes, and precursors

ligand is thrombopoietein (TPO)

48
Q

liver failure and TPO?

A

liver failure leads to decrease in TPO

-patient needs it for platelet formation

49
Q

thrombocythemia

A

too many platelets, abnormal clotting

-due to mutations in these components (inherited)

50
Q

thrombocytosis

A

too many platelets due to secondary mechanism

51
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

not enough platelets

52
Q

leukopoiesis

A

development of leukocytes (white blood cells)

53
Q

granulocyte vs. agranulocyte

A

specific - secretory with cytotoxic enzymes released from cell

- degranulation
- not present in most cells

azurophilic (non-specific) - filled with enzymes involved in phagocytosis
-not specific to cells that degranulate (also found in other cells)

54
Q

what contains specific granules?

A

myeloid leukocytes

55
Q

what cells are granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

56
Q

what cells are agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, and monocytes

lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, and NK cells

57
Q

myeloid development

A

all similar

58
Q

band form nucleus

A

u-shaped nucleus

59
Q

neutrophils

A

nucleus with multiple lobes
cell that stains the least

most common leukocyte in the blood (circulate for hours in blood and are in tissues for days)

function to eliminate bacteria or parasites

60
Q

what cells are derived from the myeloid progenitor?

A

erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes

61
Q

what are the cells derived from the lymphoid progenitor?

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

62
Q

monocytes

A

give rise to the macrophages

63
Q

neutrophil development

A

myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band form

myelopoiesis

64
Q

myeloblast

A

has nucleoli
no granules

cannot different granulocytes early in development

65
Q

promyelocyte

A

beginning to produce primary granules (azurophilic granules)

66
Q

myelocyte

A

produce specific granules (this stage is when you can determine change in the cell types)

67
Q

metamyelocyte

A

postmitotic cell

make characteristic changes to nuclei

- neutrophil has stage others (band form)
	- banded nucleus (u-shaped)
68
Q

neutrophil

A

aka polymurphonuclear nucleophlie

larger than erythrocytes
2-4 lobes in nucleus (heterochromatin at the periphery)

no cytoplasm staining**

function in eliminating bacteria

69
Q

eosinophils

A

larger than erythrocyte

always has bilobed nucleus ***
stains darkly eosinophilic - its specific granules
-contain lots of crystalline proteins that stain

function in parasite defense

70
Q

basophil

A

larger than erythrocytes

nucleus is lobed (but you can’t see it normally)

will stain basophilic due to specific granules and azurophilic granules

histamine producing cell type

71
Q

monocyte

A

agranulocyte

largest white blood cell

distinct indentation in the nucleus

cytoplasm stains azurophilic granules

smooth and rough ER and mitochondria

short life span: 3,4 days

organ specific and differentiate into osteoclasts

72
Q

monocyte signaling

A

will be secreted into blood stream

- differentiate in tissues
	- microglia, langerhans, kupffer, osteoclasts
73
Q

azurophilic granules

A

primary granules

74
Q

specific granules

A

produced during myelocyte stage

these are what are characteristic of granulocytes

75
Q

IL-3

A

interleukin 3

produced by leukocytes

involved in stimulating formation of lots of different cells

76
Q

band cell

A

only in neutrophil generation

77
Q

GM-CSF

A

granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor

important cytokine

promotes maturation into dendritic cells and macrophages

78
Q

lymphocytes

A

separated into small and large

79
Q

small lymphocytes

A

slightly indented nucleus

-intensely staining

80
Q

large lymphocyte

A

activated lymphocytes and NK cells

81
Q

B cell

A

antibody production

82
Q

T cell

A

cell-mediated immunity

develop in thymus

83
Q

natural killer cell

A

kidney shaped nucleus
larger than T and B cells

large cytoplasmic granules

84
Q

lymphopoiesis

A

synthesis of lymphocytes

involves IL-7**

- stimulates B and T cell production
- produced by stromal cells of many tissues
85
Q

IL-7

A

stimulates expansion of B and T cells

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
-missing IL-7

86
Q

what cells are from lymphoid progenitor?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells

stimulated by IL-7

87
Q

what cells are derived from myeloid progenitor

A

erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes

88
Q

erythropoietin

A

synthesized in kidney (hypoxia > Hif-1 response)

cause the formation of RBCs

89
Q

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

A

induced by inflammatory cytokines

causes the synthesis of neutrophils

90
Q

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

A

does something

MSS-IHL Exam 1 (13 decks)

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