Iggy 19 Flashcards
HLAs(human leukocyte antigens)
Theses are found on the surface of all body cells of that person and serve as a “universal product code” or a “cellular fingerprint” for that person.
What happens if the encountered cell’s HLAs do not perfectly match the HLAs of the immune system cell?
Then the encountered cell is non-self or foreign and the immune system cell then takes action to neutralize, destroy, or eliminate this foreign invader.
When is a person’s immune system most sufficient?
Age 20 to 30s and then slowly declines with increasing age.
What are immature, undifferentiated cells produced in the bone marrow called?
Stem cells.
What are WBCs(white blood cells)?
They protect the body from the effects of invasion by organisms.
What are some of the defensive actions do WBC’s (leukocytes) provide protection?
Some of the actions are recognition of self versus non-self, destruction of foreign invaders, cellular debris, and unhealthy or abnormal self cells, production of antibodies directed against invaders, complement activation, and production of cytokines that stimulate increased formation of leukocytes in bone marrow and increase specific leukocyte activity.
What are some examples of inflammation that occurs without being accompanied by infection?
Joint sprain injuries, myocardial infarction, and blister formation and inflammation caused by noninfectious invasions are allergic rhinitis, contact dermatitis, and other allergic reactions.
Neutrophils`
Provide protection after invaders, especially bacteria, enter the body.
What is ANC
ANC is absolute neutrophil count: This is a measurement to measure a pt.’s risk for infection. The higher the numbers, the greater the resistance to the infection.
What is the inflammatory function of macrophages?
Phagocytosis, which is the engulfing and destruction of invaders.
What are the five cardinal manifestation of inflammation?
Warmth, Redness, Swelling, Pain, Decreased function
Stage 1 inflammatory Response (Vascular)
Phase 1 - Change in blood vessels. Constriction of small veins and dilate the arterioles in the area of injury. Phase II is hyperemia(blood flow to area increases and edema(swelling) forms at the site of injury or invasion.
Stage II Inflammatory Response
(Cellular exudate) Neutrophilia( increased number of circulating neutrophils), pus
Stage III Inflammatory Response
Tissue repair and replacement.
What is adaptive immunity?
Internal protection resulting in long term resistance to effects of invading microorganism. The body must learn to generate specific immune responses when infected by or exposed to specific organisms.
CMI (cell-Mediated Immunity)
Also called cellular immunity which involves many WBC actions and interactions. Another type of adaptive/acquired true immunity. For total immunocompetence, CMI must function optimally.
What protection does CMI provide?
Helps protect boy through ability to differentiate self from non-self. It prevents development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens.
Why does a transplant get rejected?
Because natural killer(NK) cells and cytolytic T-cells which are the recipients immune system cells, recognize the newly transplanted organ as non-self and start an inflammatory and immunologic action to destroy or eliminate these non-self cells.
Hyperacute rejection
This begins immediately on transplantation and is an antibody-mediated response. (minutes to days)
Acute rejection
Occurs within 1 week to 3 months after transplantation and may occur sporadically after that. Drug management of the recipients immune responses at this time may limit the damage to the organ and allow the graft to be maintained.
Chronic rejection
Happens over months to years. The results are unique to the different transplanted organs.
Management of transplant rejection
Maintenance therapy is continuous immunosuppression drafugs (cyclosporine, Sandimmune, Neoral, Gengre, Imuran, Prednisone), maintain good hand hygiene, wear mask if sick around pt or avoid going near pt. if sick, negative air filter room when recovering from a transplant since they are immune suppressed.
Rescue therapy
This is used to treat acute rejection episodes and may be used in addition to or in place of maintenance drugs in the pt.’s normal treatment regimen such as IVIG.
Rescue therapy such as Plasma Phoresis:
Taking antibodies out so they don’t attact themselves in autoimmune disases such as Myastenis Gravis.
