Iggy 19

Question 1

HLAs(human leukocyte antigens)

Answer 1

Theses are found on the surface of all body cells of that person and serve as a “universal product code” or a “cellular fingerprint” for that person.

Question 2

What happens if the encountered cell’s HLAs do not perfectly match the HLAs of the immune system cell?

Answer 2

Then the encountered cell is non-self or foreign and the immune system cell then takes action to neutralize, destroy, or eliminate this foreign invader.

Question 3

When is a person’s immune system most sufficient?

Answer 3

Age 20 to 30s and then slowly declines with increasing age.

Question 4

What are immature, undifferentiated cells produced in the bone marrow called?

Answer 4

Stem cells.

Question 5

What are WBCs(white blood cells)?

Answer 5

They protect the body from the effects of invasion by organisms.

Question 6

What are some of the defensive actions do WBC’s (leukocytes) provide protection?

Answer 6

Some of the actions are recognition of self versus non-self, destruction of foreign invaders, cellular debris, and unhealthy or abnormal self cells, production of antibodies directed against invaders, complement activation, and production of cytokines that stimulate increased formation of leukocytes in bone marrow and increase specific leukocyte activity.

Question 7

What are some examples of inflammation that occurs without being accompanied by infection?

Answer 7

Joint sprain injuries, myocardial infarction, and blister formation and inflammation caused by noninfectious invasions are allergic rhinitis, contact dermatitis, and other allergic reactions.

Question 8

Neutrophils`

Answer 8

Provide protection after invaders, especially bacteria, enter the body.

Question 9

What is ANC

Answer 9

ANC is absolute neutrophil count: This is a measurement to measure a pt.’s risk for infection. The higher the numbers, the greater the resistance to the infection.

Question 10

What is the inflammatory function of macrophages?

Answer 10

Phagocytosis, which is the engulfing and destruction of invaders.

Question 11

What are the five cardinal manifestation of inflammation?

Answer 11

Warmth, Redness, Swelling, Pain, Decreased function

Question 12

Stage 1 inflammatory Response (Vascular)

Answer 12

Phase 1 - Change in blood vessels. Constriction of small veins and dilate the arterioles in the area of injury. Phase II is hyperemia(blood flow to area increases and edema(swelling) forms at the site of injury or invasion.

Question 13

Stage II Inflammatory Response

Answer 13

(Cellular exudate) Neutrophilia( increased number of circulating neutrophils), pus

Question 14

Stage III Inflammatory Response

Answer 14

Tissue repair and replacement.

Question 15

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 15

Internal protection resulting in long term resistance to effects of invading microorganism. The body must learn to generate specific immune responses when infected by or exposed to specific organisms.

Question 16

CMI (cell-Mediated Immunity)

Answer 16

Also called cellular immunity which involves many WBC actions and interactions. Another type of adaptive/acquired true immunity. For total immunocompetence, CMI must function optimally.

Question 17

What protection does CMI provide?

Answer 17

Helps protect boy through ability to differentiate self from non-self. It prevents development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens.

Question 18

Why does a transplant get rejected?

Answer 18

Because natural killer(NK) cells and cytolytic T-cells which are the recipients immune system cells, recognize the newly transplanted organ as non-self and start an inflammatory and immunologic action to destroy or eliminate these non-self cells.

Question 19

Hyperacute rejection

Answer 19

This begins immediately on transplantation and is an antibody-mediated response. (minutes to days)

Question 20

Acute rejection

Answer 20

Occurs within 1 week to 3 months after transplantation and may occur sporadically after that. Drug management of the recipients immune responses at this time may limit the damage to the organ and allow the graft to be maintained.

Question 21

Chronic rejection

Answer 21

Happens over months to years. The results are unique to the different transplanted organs.

Question 22

Management of transplant rejection

Answer 22

Maintenance therapy is continuous immunosuppression drafugs (cyclosporine, Sandimmune, Neoral, Gengre, Imuran, Prednisone), maintain good hand hygiene, wear mask if sick around pt or avoid going near pt. if sick, negative air filter room when recovering from a transplant since they are immune suppressed.

Question 23

Rescue therapy

Answer 23

This is used to treat acute rejection episodes and may be used in addition to or in place of maintenance drugs in the pt.’s normal treatment regimen such as IVIG.

Question 24

Rescue therapy such as Plasma Phoresis:

Answer 24

Taking antibodies out so they don’t attact themselves in autoimmune disases such as Myastenis Gravis.