Fundamentals 44 Nutrition

Question 1

Basal metabolic rate:

Answer 1

The energy needed to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific period of time at rest.

Question 2

Resting energy expenditure(REE)(aka resting resting metabolic rate):

Answer 2

The amount of energy that an individual needs to consume over a 24-hour period for the body to maintain all of its internal working activities while at rest.

Question 3

Carbohydrates:

Answer 3

4Kcal of energy/gram
Consist of complex and simple saccharides
Main source of energy

Question 4

Proteins

Answer 4

4Kcal of energy/gram
Amino acids
Necessary for nitrogen balance

Question 5

Fats

Answer 5

9Kcal of energy/gram
Saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated
Calorie dense.

Question 6

Digestion

Answer 6

Begins in the mouth and ends in the small and large intestines.

Question 7

Absorption:

Answer 7

Intestine is the primary area of absorption.

Question 8

Metabolism and storage of nutrients:

Answer 8

Consist of anabolic and catabolic reactions.

Question 9

Elimination:

Answer 9

Chyme is moved through peristalsis and is changed into feces.

Question 10

DRI

Answer 10

Dietary reference intakes which shows acceptable range of quantities of vitamins and minerals for each gender and age group.

Question 11

Ovolactovegetarian:

Answer 11

Avoids meat, fish, and poultry, but eats eggs and milk.

Question 12

Lactovegetarian:

Answer 12

Drinks milk but avoids eggs

Question 13

Vegan

Answer 13

Consumes only plant foods

Question 14

Fruitarian:

Answer 14

Consumes fruit, nuts, honey, and olive oil.

Question 15

Assessment for nutrition:

Answer 15

Screening pt. is a quick method of identifying malnutrition or risk of malnutrition using sample tools:  
Height
weight
weight change
primary diagnosis
 comorbidities
screening tools

Question 16

Dysphagia:

Answer 16

patient has difficulty swallowing

Question 17

Patients that are unable to digest or absorb enteral nutrition or are in highly stressed physiological states:

Answer 17

Sepsis, head injury, burns.

Question 18

Gastrointestinal diseases:

Answer 18

Crohn's and idiopathic ulcerative colitis
Elemental diets
Parenteral nutrition
Vitamins and iron supplements 
Fiber increase 
Fat reduction
Large meal avoidance 
Lactose and sorbitol avoidance

Question 19

Malabsorption syndromes:

Answer 19

Celiac disease : gluten-free diet

Question 20

Short bowel syndrome

Answer 20

Intestinal surface decrease

lifetime EN or PN

Question 21

Diverticulitis:

Answer 21

Inflammation of diverticula
Low to moderate residue diet for infection
high-fiber for chronic conditions.

Question 22

Goals for pts with diabetes mellitus

Answer 22

Normal to near-normal glucose levels
less than 100mg/dL low-density lipoprotein(LDL)
less 130/85 mmHg
Avoidance of hypoglycemia

Question 23

Cadiovascular diseases/AHA dietary guidelines:

Answer 23

Balance caloric intake and exercise
maintain a healthy body weight
Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and complex carbohydrates
Eat fish twice per week
limit foods and beverages high in sugar and salt.
Limit trans-saturated fat to less than 1%

Question 24

Nutrition with Cancer and cancer treatment:

Answer 24

Malignant cells compete with normal cells for nutrients.
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and taste distortions are common.
Malnutrition associated with cancer increase morbidity and mortality.
Radiation causes anorexia, stomatitis, severe diarrhea, intestinal strictures, and pain.

Question 25

Nutrition management for cancer patients;

Answer 25

Maximize fluid and nutrient intake
Individualize diet choices to patient’s needs, symptoms, and situation.
Encourage small, frequent meals and snacks that are easy to digest.

Question 26

HIV/AIDS

Answer 26

Body wasting and severe weight loss
Severe diarrhea, GI malabsorption, altered nutrient metabolism
Hypermetabolism as a result of cytokine elevation
Maximize kilocalories and nutrients
Encourage small, frequent, nutrient-dense meals with fluid in between.

Question 27

Medical nutrition therapy uses nutrition therapy and counseling to mange diseases:

Answer 27

Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Inflammatory bowel disease
Enteral nutrition(EN); parenteral nutrition(PN)