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Michelle Nursing 50A > Fundamental 40oxygenation > Flashcards

Fundamental 40oxygenation Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiration

A

is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism.

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2
Q

Ventilation

A

the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

Perfusion

A

relates to the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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4
Q

Diffusion

A

is responsible for moving the respiratory gases from one area to another by concentration gradients. This is the exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries.

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5
Q

Inspiration

A

is an active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta.

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6
Q

Expiration

A

is a passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work.

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7
Q

Surfactant

A

is a chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing.

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8
Q

Pt.s with advanced COPD:

A

lose the elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax. As a result, the patient’s work of breathing increases. In addition, patients with certain pulmonary diseases have decreased surfactant production and sometimes develop atelectasis

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9
Q

Atelectasis

A

is a collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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10
Q

Compliance

A

the ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to increased intraalveolar pressure. Compliance decreases in diseases such as pulmonary edema, interstitial and pleural fibrosis, and congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities such as kyphosis or fractured ribs.

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11
Q

Tidal Volume

A

the amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration.

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12
Q

Residual Volume

A

is the amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration.

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13
Q

Forced Vital Capacity

A

is the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

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14
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

to move blood to and from the alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

the process for the exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and the capillaries of the body tissues. Diffusion of respiratory gases occurs at the alveolar capillary membrane

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16
Q

Oxygen Transport System consist of :

A

the lungs and cardiovascular system. Delivery depends on the amount of oxygen entering the lungs (ventilation), blood flow to the lungs and tissues (perfusion), rate of diffusion, and oxygen-carrying capacity

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17
Q

3 Things influence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen;

A

the amount of dissolved oxygen in the plasma, the amount of hemoglobin, and the tendency of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen

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18
Q

Hemoglobin

A

is a carrier for oxygen and carbon dioxide, transports most oxygen (approximately 97%). The hemoglobin molecule combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

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19
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

a product of cellular metabolism, diffuses into red blood cells and is rapidly hydrated into carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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20
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

delivers oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the tissues and facilitates the removal of cellular metabolism waste products by way of blood flow through other body systems such as respiratory, digestive, and renal

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21
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole

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22
Q

Starlings Law

A

When the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases.

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23
Q

Myocardial Blood Flow

A

Is unidirectional through the four valves.

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24
Q

S1

A

Mitral valve and tricuspid valve close. This is when systole begins and ventricular pressure rises.

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25
Q

S2

A

Aortic and pulmonic valve close. This is when the ventricles empty and the ventricle pressure decreases.

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26
Q

Coronary Artery Circulation

A

Coronary arteries supply the myocardium with nutrients and remove wastes.

27
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

28
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

Cardiacoutput(CO)=Strokevolume(SV)×Heartrate(HR)

29
Q

Preload

A

end-diastolic volume

30
Q

Afterload

A

resistance to left ventricular ejection

31
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

influences the rate of impulse generation and the speed of transmission through the conductive pathway and the strength of atrial and ventricular contractions.

32
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Increases the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission and innervates all parts of the atria and ventricle.

33
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Decreases the rate and innervates atria, ventricles, and sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes.

34
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Increases the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission and innervates all parts of the atria and ventricle.

35
Q

Conduction System

A

Originates with the sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemeaker and is transmitted to the atrioventreicular (AV)node, bundle of HIs, and Purkinje fibers.

36
Q

Four factors influence adequacy of circulation, ventilation, perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases to the tissues:

A

Physiological, developmental, lifestyle and environmental.

37
Q

Physiological Factors:

A

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, Hypovolemia, decreased inspired oxygen concentration, and increased metabolic rate.

38
Q

Conditions affecting chest wall movement

A

Pregnancy, obesity, neuromuscular disease, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, CNS alterations.

39
Q

Influences of Chronic disease

A

One is chronic lung disease which causes oxygenation to decrease. Another disease is emphysema.

40
Q

Hyperventilation

A

a state of ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism. Severe anxiety, infection, drugs, or an acid-base imbalance induces hyperventilation

41
Q

Hypoventilation

A

occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide. As alveolar ventilation decreases, the body retains carbon dioxide

42
Q

Hypoxia

A

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level. It results from a deficiency in oxygen delivery or oxygen use at the cellular level. It is a life-threatening condition. Untreated it produces possibly fatal cardiac dysrhythmias.

43
Q

Cyanosis

A

blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by the presence of desaturated hemoglobin in capillaries, is a late sign of hypoxia

44
Q

Causes of Hypoxia

A

Decreased hemoglobin level and lowered oxygen[carrying capacity of blood, diminished concentration of inspired oxygen, which occurs at high altitudes, inability of tissues to extract oxygen from the blood, as with cyanide poisoning, decreased diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to blood as in pneumonia, poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood, as with shock and impaired ventilation as with multiple rib fractures, or chest trauma.

45
Q

Disturbance in Cardiac Conduction

A

Caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node (dysrhythmias)

46
Q

Dysrhythmias are a primary conduction disturbance such as:

A

Response to ischemia, valvular abnormality, anxiety, drug toxicity, caffeine, alcohol, or tobacco use.

47
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Common dysrhythmia frequently seen in older adults. The rhythm is irregular because of multiple pacemaker sites and unpredictable conduction to the ventricles.

48
Q

Altered Cardiac Output

A

Insufficient volume is ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation; the result of left-sided or right-sided hear failure.

49
Q

impaired valvular function

A

Acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve by stenosis or regurgitation.

50
Q

Myocardial Ischemia

A

Coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands; results in angina, myocardial infarction(MI), and or acute coronary syndrome(ACS).

51
Q

Factors that influence patient’s oxygenation:

A

Physiological, developmental, lifestyle, and environmental,

52
Q

Developmental factors that affect tissue oxygenations:

A

infants and toddlers due to risk for URI as a result of frequent exposure to other children, immature immune system, and exposure to send hand smoke, school-aged children and adolescents are at risk due to exposure to URI, cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke. Young and middle-aged adults are exposed to multiple cardiopulmonary risks factors such as unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, stress, OTC and RX drugs, illegal substances, and smoking. Finally, older adults are at risk due to cardiac and respiratory systems undergoing changes throughout the aging process and lifestyle risk factors.

53
Q

Cardioproctective Nutrition:

A

Diets rich in fiber; whole grain; fresh fruits and vegetables; nuts; antioxidants; lean meats; and omega-3 fatty acids.

54
Q

Exercise

A

People who exercise for 30 to 60 minutes daily have a lower pulse rate and blood pressure, decreased cholesterol level, increased blood flow, and greater oxygen extraction by working muscles.

55
Q

Smoking

A

Associated with heard disease, COPD, and lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer is 10 times greater for a person who smokes than for a nonsmoker

56
Q

Substance Abuse

A

Excessive use of alcohol and other drugs impairs tissue oxygenation.

57
Q

Stress

A

A continuous state of stress or severe anxiety increases the metabolic rate and oxygen demand of the body.

58
Q

Environmental factors

A

The incidence of pulmonary disease is higher in smoggy, urban areas than in rural areas. In addition, a patient’s workplace sometimes increases the risk for pulmonary disease. Occupational pollutants include asbestos, talcum powder, dust, and airborne fibers. For example, farm workers in dry regions of the southwestern United States are at risk for coccidioidomycosis, a fungal disease caused by inhalation of spores of the airborne bacterium Coccidioides immitis. Asbestosis is an occupational lung disease that develops after exposure to asbestos.

59
Q

Assessment of cardiopulmonary functioning:

A

In-depth history of a patient’s normal and present cardiopulmonary function which includes past impairment in circulatory or respiratory functioning, methods that a patient uses to optimize oxygenation, review of drug, food, and other allergies, Physical examination, laboratory and diagnostic tests.

60
Q

Inspection Process

A

Examine the skin and mucous membranes, LOC, breathing patterns, and chest wall movement.

61
Q

Percussion Process

A

Presence of abnormal fluid or air; diaphragmatic excursion.

62
Q

Palpation Process

A

Chest, feet, legs, and pulses.

63
Q

Auscultation Process

A

Normal and abnormal heart and lung sounds.

Michelle Nursing 50A (10 decks)

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