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Michelle Nursing 50A > Fundamentals 31 > Flashcards

Fundamentals 31 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical name of medication:

A

provides description of its composition and molecular structure.

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2
Q

Generic name

A

Official name listed on official publications such as USP.

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3
Q

Trade Name:

A

The trade name, brand name, or proprietary name is the name under which a manufacturer markets a medication.

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Study of how medications enter the body, reach their site of action, metabolize, and exit the body.

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5
Q

What is absorption?

A

The passage of medication molecules into the blood from the site of medication administration.

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6
Q

What are the factors that influence absorption?

A

Route of administration, ability of the medication to dissolve, blood flow to the site of administration, body surface area (BSA), and lipid solubility of medication.

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7
Q

Rate of absorption of oral medications passed through GI tract:

A

Slow

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8
Q

Rate of IV absorption of medication

A

Most rapid rate because medications are immediately available when they enter the systemic circulation.

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9
Q

How does lipid solubility affect the rate of absorption of medication?

A

The rate and ease of absorption are quick because the cell membrane has a lipid layer allowing medication to cross the cell membranes.

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10
Q

What affects the circulation of a medication once it enters bloodstream?

A

How fast it reaches site of action depends on the vascularity of the various tissues and organs. Conditions that limit blood flow or blood perfusion inhibit the distribution of a medication.

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11
Q

What type of medications are able to pass through blood brain barriers?

A

Fat-soluble medications are able to pass into the brain and cerebral spinal fluid.

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12
Q

How are central nervous system infections often treated?

A

They often require antibiotics injected directly into the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord.

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13
Q

Who is at increase risk for medication activity or toxicity or both?

A

Older adults, pts. with liver disease or malnutrition are at risk due to decrease in albumin levels.

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14
Q

Why are people with decrease liver function which occurs with age and people with liver disease, at risk for toxicity of medication?

A

Because the medication is usually eliminated more slowly, resulting in accumulation if the organs that metabolize the medication aren’t functioning properly.

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15
Q

Why are patients encourage to do deep breathing after surgery?

A

Because it helps patients eliminate anesthetic gases more rapidly.

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16
Q

Why is it necessary to decrease dosage of medication in patients with renal function decline?

A

Because kidneys are the main organ for medication excretion and if not functioning properly, they can’t excrete a medication and are at risk for toxicity.

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17
Q

What is the therapeutic effect of prednisone?

A

Its a steroid that decreases swelling, inhibits inflammation, reduces allergic responses, and prevents rejection of transplanted organs.

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18
Q

What are adverse effects?

A

Unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable severs responses to medication.

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19
Q

What are toxic effects?

A

Effects that develop after prolongs intake of a medication or when a medication accumulates in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion.

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20
Q

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

A

When a pt. overreacts or underreacts to a medication or has a reaction different from normal.
Example: Benadryl/ becomes extremely agitated instead of drowsy.

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21
Q

Allergic reaction:

A

The medication or chemical acts as an antigen, triggering the release of antibodies in the body.

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22
Q

What is anaphylactic reaction?

A

Life threatening reaction which is characterized y sudden constriction of bronchiolar muscles, edema of the pharynx and larynx, and sever wheezing and SOB.

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of a mild allergic reaction?

A

Urticaria (Raised, irregularly shaped skin eruptions with varying sizes, shapes and have reddened margins and pale centers), Rash ( Small, raised vesicles that are usually reddened, often distributed over entire body), Pruritis (itching of skin), Rhinitis (inflammation of mucous membranes lining nose).

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24
Q

What is a synergistic effect?

A

When two medications combined, have a greater effect than when given separately?

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25
Q

What is MEC?

A

Minimum effective concentration which is the plasma level of a medication below which the effect of the medication does not occur. The goal when med. is prescribed, is to give between MEC an the toxic concentration level.

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26
Q

What is onset?

A

Time it takes after a medication is administered for it to produce a response.

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27
Q

Peak

A

Time it takes for a medication to reach its highest effective concentration.

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28
Q

Trough

A

Minimum blood serum concentration of medication reached just before the next scheduled dose.

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29
Q

Duration

A

Time during which the medication is present in concentration great enough to produce a response.

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30
Q

Plateau

A

Blood serum concentration of a medication reached and maintained after repeated fixed doses.

31
Q

What is biological half life?

A

Time it take for excretion processes to lower the amount of unchanged medication by half. A medication with a short half life needs to be given more frequently than a medication with a longer half life.

32
Q

Advantages of administering meds oral, buccal, or sublingual routes:

A

Convenient and comfortable for pt., economical, easy to administer, often produce local, or systemic effects, and rarely cause anxiety for pts.

33
Q

Disadvantages of administering oral, buccal, or sublingual routes of medication:

A

Need to avoid oral route when having GI upset, or after surgical procedure, unable to swallow, unconscious or confused, gastric suction, prior to some tests or surgeries, some oral meds discolor teeth, unpleasant tastes, and due to some gastric secretions destroy some medications.

34
Q

Advantages of SQ, IM, IV, and ID routes of medications:

A

able to administer when oral unavailable, more rapid absorption, Iv provides medication delivery when pt., is critically, ill, or long-term therapy is necessary, or if peripheral perfusion is poo

35
Q

Disadvantage of SQ, IM, Iv and ID routes of meds:

A

Risk of introducing infection, some meds, expensive, some pts experience pain from repeated needle sticks, SQ, IM, ID routes are avoided in pts. with bleeding tendencies, Risk of tissue damage, IM and IV have higher absorption rates, thus placing pt at higher risk for reactions and they can cause anxiety for pts receiving meds. this way.

36
Q

Advantages of administering medication through skin:

A

Primarily provides local effect, painless, limited side effects.

37
Q

Disadvantages of administering medication through skin:

A

Pts. with skin abrasions are at risk for rapid medication absorption and systemic effects. Medications are absorbed through skin slowly.

38
Q

Advantages of Transdermal administration of medication:

A

Prolonged systemic effects with limited side effects.

39
Q

Disadvantages of Transdermal administration of medication:

A

Medication leaves oily or pasty substance on skin and sometimes soils clothing.

40
Q

Advantages of administering through Mucous Membranes:

A

Therapeutic effects provided by local application to involved sites. Aqueous solutions readily absorbed and capable of causing systemic effects Potential route of administration when oral medications are contraindicated.

41
Q

Disadvantages of administering through Mucous Membrane:

A

Mucous membranes are highly sensitive to some medication concentrations. Pts. with ruptured eardrum cannot receive ear irrigations. Insertion of rectal and vaginal medication often causes embarrassment. Rectal suppositories contraindicated if pt. had had rectal surgery or if active rectal bleeding is present.

42
Q

Advantages of Inhalation:

A

Provides rapid relief for local respiratory problems. Used for introduction of general anesthetic gases.

43
Q

Disadvantages of Inhalation:

A

Some local agents cause serious systemic effects.

44
Q

How long do standing orders last for routine medications?

A

A standing order is carried out until the prescriber cancels it by another order or a prescribed number of days elapse.

45
Q

What are PRN Orders?

A

Sometimes the prescriber orders a medication to be given only when a pt. requires it. Use objective and subjective assessment and discretion in determining whether or not the pt. needs the medication.

46
Q

What are Single (one time ) orders?

A

Sometimes a prescriber orders a medication to be given only once at a specified time.

47
Q

What are Stat orders?

A

A STAT order signifies that a single dose of a medication is to be given immediately and only once.

48
Q

What are Now orders?

A

A now order is more specific than a one-time order and is used when a pt. needs a medication quickly but not right away, as in a STAT order.

49
Q

What are AMDS?

A

Automated medication dispensing systems that are used to control the dispensing of all medications, including narcotics. Each nurse accesses the system by entering a security code, selecting a pt’s name and his or her drug profile before the AMDS dispenses a medication.

50
Q

What are the necessary steps when a medication error takes place?

A

First step is to assess and examine the patient’s condition and notify the health care provider of the incident as soon as possible. Once pt. is stable, the nurse reports the incident to the appropriate person in the institution. The nurse needs to prepare a written occurrence or incident report that usually needs to be filed in 24 hours of error.

51
Q

What are the six rights of medication administration?

A

Right medication, right dose, right patient, right route, right time, and right documentation.

52
Q

What are the components of medication orders?

A 
Pt's full name
Date and time that the order is written
Medication name
Dose
Route of administration
Time and frequency of administration
Signature of health care provider
53
Q

What is Polypharmacy?

A

When a patient takes two or more medications to treat the same illness, takes two or more medications from the same chemical class, uses two or more medications with the same or similar actions to treat several disorders simultaneously, or mixes nutritional supplements or herbal products with medication.

54
Q

Steps for teaching pt. how to instill eyedrops:

A

Avoid instilling any form of medication directly onto the cornea due to pain fibers, thus making eye very sensitive.
Avoid touching the eyelids or other eye structures with eyedroppers or ointment tubes. The risk of transmitting infection from one eye to the other is high.
use eye medication only for the patient’s affected eye.
Never allow a pt. to use another patient’s eye medications.

55
Q

When do most oral medications reach their therapeutic action?

A

Most oral medications are best if given 30 minutes to 1 hour before meals.

56
Q

What are inhaled medications that are often called rescue medications?

A

They are short acting and taken for immediate relief of acute respiratory distress.

57
Q

What are inhaled medications that are often called maintenance medications?

A

They are used on a daily schedule to prevent acute respiratory distress. The effects of the medication start within hours of administration and last for a longer period of time that a rescue medication.

58
Q

What sizes do syringes come in?

A

0.5 to 60 mL

59
Q

What size syringe is usually adequate for a SQ or IM injection?

A

A 1 to 3-mL syringe

60
Q

A tuberculin syringe is used to prepare small doses of medication for infants, children and for placing a TB test. They can be used as SQ or Intradermal injections. What is their calibration?

A

They are calibrated in sixteenths of a minim and hundredths of a milliliter and have a capacity of 1 mL.

61
Q

How do you know where to break open the ampule of medication at?

A

There is a colored ring around the neck that indicates where the ampule is prescored making it easy to break.

62
Q

How to mix medication from a Vial and an Ampule?

A

Prepare medication from vial first, using the same syringe and filter needle, next withdraw medication from the ampule. This is done because its not necessary to add air to withdraw medication from a ampule.

63
Q

What are the steps when mixing medications from two vials?

A

Make sure not to contaminate one med. with another.
Ensure that the final dose is accurate.
Maintain aseptic technique.
Aspirate the volume of air equivalent to dose of first med and inject the air into vial A.
Make sure not to needle to solution.
Withdraw and aspirate volume of air equivalent to second medication and inject the air into vial B.
Immediately withdraw the medication within the syringe into the vial.
Withdraw desired amount of med. from vial A.

64
Q

Why is insulin administered by injection?

A

Because the GI tract breaks down and destroys an oral form of insulin.

65
Q

What is the only insulin that can be given IV?

A

Regular insulin is the only insulin.

66
Q

What are the advantages of an insulin pen?

A

It provides multiple doses and allows the pt. or nurse to dial in the dose, avoiding the need to use a syringe for insulin preparation.

67
Q

What does correction insulin also known as sliding scale insulin mean?

A

Its when insulin dosage is based on the patient’s blood glucose level. Correction is the term preferred because it indicates that small doses of rapid or short acting insulin’s are needed to correct a pt.’s blood sugar.

68
Q

What insulins should never be mixed?

A

Never mix insulin glargine(lantus) or insulin determir (Levemir) with other types of insulin.

69
Q

Where are the best SQ sites for injections?

A

The outer posterior aspect of upper arms, the abdomen from below the costal margins to the iliac crests, and the anterior aspects of the thighs.

70
Q

What site is most frequently recommended for heparin injections?

A

The Abdomen.

71
Q

What are other alternative SQ sites for injections?

A

Scapular areas of the upper back, and upper ventral or dorsal gluteal areas.

72
Q

Steps for administering LMWH (enoxaparin):

A

Use the right or left side of abdomen at least 2” from the umbilicus.
Pinch the injection site as you insert the needle.
Administer the LMWH in its prefilled syringe with attached needle and do not expel the air bubble in the syringe before giving the medication.

73
Q

What site is recommended for volume of medication to be injected greater than 2mL?

A

The Ventrogluteal muscle because involves the gluteus medius and is situated deep and away from major nerves and blood vessels. It is the preferred and safest site for all adults, children, and infants.

Michelle Nursing 50A (10 decks)

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