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IEMR > (IEMR8)Neuroendocrine > Flashcards

(IEMR8)Neuroendocrine Flashcards

1
Q

GH excess during prepubertal ages causes what symptom?

A

gigantism

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1
Q

Why are the prolactine levels low in a normal adult?

A

the release is tonically inhibited

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2
Q

If GH deficiency occurs during prepubertal time period, what are the clinical symptoms?(3-4 points)

A

failure to grow, short stature, mild obesity and delayed puberty

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3
Q

What are examples of indirect neural reuglation of endocrine function?(5 points)

A
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3
Q

What is another name for the pituitary?

A

hypophysis

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3
Q

When consideirng the vasculature of the pitutiary, the efferenet veins drain from the anterior pituitary into the petrosal and then what structure(s)?

A

cavernous sinuses

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5
Q

What portion of the pituitary gland develops from the evagination of ectoderma cells of the oropharynx?

A

anterior lobe

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6
Q

Somatostatin +/- prolactin secretion?

A

(-)

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7
Q

Somatotrophs make up what percentage of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

20%

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7
Q

What overrides the basal feedback mechanisms in the brain?

A

daily rhythms

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8
Q

The gene required to synthesize the β-subunit of LH and the β-subunit of FSH are the same or different?

A

They’re the same

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8
Q

Prolactin levels are increased by what in both sexes?(2 points)

A

stress and nipple stimulation

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8
Q

Dopamine Antagonist +/- prolactin secretion?

A

(+)

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9
Q

Regulation of endocrine function occurs through what general type of mechanisms?(3 points)

A

neural, substrate and indirect

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9
Q

GH declines at what age?

A

middle and old-age

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9
Q

Does hypoglycemia stimulate or inhibit GH secretion?

A

stimulate

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10
Q

Prolactin +/- prolactin secretion?

A

(-)

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11
Q

What lobe of the pitutiary gland is an extension of the diencephalon?

A

posterior pituitary

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12
Q

Prolactin is +/- by estrogens(pregnancy)?

A

stimulated

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13
Q

The evagination of the ectodermal cells of the oropharynx is referred to as what?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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13
Q

GH secretion stimulated or inhibited by increased FFA?

A

inhibited

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14
Q

Is the optic chiasm always anterior or always posterior?

A

anterior

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14
Q

In anterior pituitary cells, the primary products of enzymatic cleavage of the POMC, prohormone are what hormones?(2 points)

A

ACTH and β-endorphins

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15
Q

What type of prolactin deficiency of excess can cause failure to lactate?

A

prolactin deficiency

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16
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of TSH?

A

TRH, synthesized and release by the hypothalamus

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16
Q

What i sthe prime physiological effect of prolactin?

A

milk production in lacting females

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17
Q
A
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17
Q

GH secretion +/- by arginine?

A

(+)stimultated

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17
Q

How does prolactin affect ovulation?

A

inhibits ovulation

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17
Q

ADH deficiency causes what?

A

diabetes insidpidus which could be either nephrogenic or central

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18
Q

If plasma osmolality is low, urine osmolality is what?

A

low

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19
Q

basal secretion, chrnological activity and all other layers of control the brain uses as an endocrine organ?

A

stress

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20
Q

What specfic type of cell synthesize and secrete growth hormone?

A

somatotrophs

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20
Q

If plasma osmolaity is low, what do the kidneys want to do? What does this tells you about the urine osmolaity?

A

The kidneys wants to exctrete water, therefore, the urine osmolaity should drop

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21
Q

Does lactogenesis occur in the absence of pregnancy?

A

yes

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22
Q

What specific type of cells in the anterior pituitary synthesize and secrete prolactin?

A

lactotrophs

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23
Q

The lumen of the evagination of the floor of the third ventricle of the brain closes as the side fuse to form what?

A

neural stalk

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25
Q

What are examples of the direct neural regulation of endocrine function?(2 points)

A

Posterior pituitary secretion of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone to its target site and adrenal medulla release of epinephrine and norepinephrine to its target site.

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27
Q

The infundibular system with the posteior lobe of the pittuiary gland is referred to as what?

A

neurohypophysis

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28
Q

The secretion of FSH is inhibited by what?

A

inhibin

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28
Q

What stimulates the release of GH?

A

hypothalmic GHRH

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29
Q

Craniopharyngiomas is very common in what general age group?(common name)

A

children

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29
Q

What hormone action stimulates androgen synthesis in the thecal cells of the ovarian follicle?

A

LH

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29
Q

GH release levels off at what age?

A

adult level

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30
Q

Most of the anterior pituitary cells are of what larger category cell type in that particular area?

A

acidophils

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31
Q

The abducens nerve innervate what structure?

A

lateral rectus

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32
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of ACTH?

A

CRH, synthesized and release by the hypothalamus

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33
Q

What hormone is needed for efficiency milk delivery?

A

oxytocin

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34
Q

Rathke’s pouch, during development, is eventually pinched off from the oral cavity and becomes seperated by what structure of teh skull?

A

sphenoid bone

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35
Q

How does the ingestion of haloperidol affect dopamine levels?

A

It increases dopamine levels

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35
Q

Breast feeding -/+ prolactin secretion?

A

stimulates

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36
Q

What are the main effects of SIADH?(2 points)

A

decreased plasma osmolality and hyponatremia

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37
Q

What are the causes of GH deficiency?(4 points)

A

hypothalmic problem, primary pituitary probelm, failure to generate somatomedins in target(primarily the liver) or a receptor or post-receptor probelm

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38
Q

What is the action of LH?(2 points)

A

promotes androgen synthesis in Leydig cells of the testia and thecal cells of the ovarian follicle

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39
Q

What is particularly important about the circumventricular organs?

A

The blood brain barrier is compromised

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39
Q

IGF acts thorugh what group of receptors?

A

tyrosine kinase receptors

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40
Q

When considering the regulation of prolactin, how does increase prolactin affect the hypothalamus?(2 points)

A

stimulates the hypothalmus to produce dopamine which inhibits the anterior pituitary

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41
Q

What lobe of the pituitary gland is a circumventricular organ?

A

posterior lobe of neurohypophysis

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42
Q

Does GH stimulate the conservation of protein or the breakdown of protein?

A

conservation of protein

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43
Q

Prolactin secretion is inhibited or stimulated by dopamine?

A

inhibited

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44
Q

What is the action of FSH?

A

gamete development; acts on sertoli cells in male and granulosa cells in female

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45
Q

What happens if you perform an hypophysis? What hormones would be affected?

A

all of the anterior pituitary hormones

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46
Q

Stress +/- prolactin secretion?

A

(+)

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47
Q

What is the distribution of water as a result of SIADH?

A

2/3rd goes into the cell and 1/3rd goes into the plasma

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48
Q

When some cells from Rathke’s pouch are left behind, forming tumors, these are referred to as what?(Neurology)

A

craniopharyngiomas

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48
Q

GH secretion stimulated or inhibited by stress?

A

stimulated by stress

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49
Q

The 6 major hormones synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are what type of hormones: steroid, peptide or tyrosine derivative?

A

peptide/proteins

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50
Q

What are the post-puberal affects of GH deficienecy?(2 points)

A

metabolic probelms and increased insulin sensitivity

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51
Q

Sleep +/- prolactin secretion?

A

(+)

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52
Q

The trochler nerve innervate what structure?

A

superior oblique muscle

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52
Q

Inhibin is relased by what cells?(2 points)

A

Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females

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52
Q

How does GH affect protein and glucose in the body?

A

GH protects protein from being broken down in the body and it increase glucose level in the blood

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53
Q

GH secretion stimulated or inhibited by exercise?

A

stimulated by exercise

55
Q
A
57
Q

What subunit of TSH, FSH and LH are unique to each of them and confer biologic activity?

A

β-subunit

57
Q

How does the prolactin level change for a person who is stressed out?

A

It would increase from 20 to 100

59
Q

What portion of the pitutiary gland develops from neural crest cells as a downward evagination of the floor of the third ventricle of the brain?

A

posterior pituitary gland

60
Q

What hormones are synthesized and secrted by the anterior pituitary gland?7

A

prolactin, growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone lutenizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone

60
Q

What hormone stored in the posterior pituitary is a major regulator of osmolaity?

A

ADH

61
Q

The β-subunit of hCG and the β-subunit of LH are the same or different?

A

they’re different

62
Q

GH secretion +/- by obesity?

A

(-)inhibited

62
Q

What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?(2 points)

A

oxytocin and ADH

63
Q

Where does glycosylation of the TSH, FSH and LH hormones take place during their synthesize?

A

It occurs in the Golgi

64
Q

How do somatomedina affects the anterior pituitary in the regulation of GH?

A

It inhibits the anterior pituitary

65
Q

The upper part of Rathke’s pouch forms what part of the anterior pituitary gland?(technical name of a structure)

A

pars tuberalis

65
Q

What is the most important transcription factor invoeld in the differnetiate of different cell types of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?(Hint:Rathke’s Pouch Stem Cell

A

Pit1

66
Q

What are the subdivisions of the neural regulation of endocrine function?(2 points)

A

indirect and direct

68
Q

If a patient’s trochlear nerve is damaged, what is the presentation?

A

downward, outward gazing due to the unopposed actions of superior oblique and lateral rectus

69
Q

The indirect actions of GH are facilitated through what hormone?

A

IGF-1

70
Q

What is the primary hypothalmic parathryoid inhibition hormone?

A

dopamine

72
Q

ACTH release is stimulate by what?

A

hypothalmic CRH

73
Q

If plasma osmolaity is high, the kidneys wants to do what to compensate?

A

save water, therefore raise the urine osmolaity to lose more of the electrolytes and save water

74
Q

What two structure forms the infundibular stem of the neurohypophysis?

A

neural stalk with the median eminence

74
Q

What are the actions of TSH(2 points)

A

stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones and stimualtes thyroid gland growth

75
Q

What hormone promote thyroid gland growth?

A

TSH

76
Q

What are the symptoms of acromegaly?(5 points)

A

tongue enlargement, incresed non-fused bone growth in the face, fingers, jaw, organomegaly and insulin resistance and glucose intolerance

76
Q

How do you treat nephrogenic diabetes insidpidus?

A

you provide an ADH analogue

77
Q

Does GH excess have the same affect different affect regardless on the time period it occurs?

A

No, prepubertal effects or different than postpubertal affects

79
Q

GH secretion inhibited or stimulated by pregnancy?

A

inhibited

81
Q

What hormones are secreted and synthesized by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

none

83
Q

Chronic stress is associated with an increase release of what hormone?

A

cortisol

85
Q

The greatest release of GH takes place during what part of the day?

A

slee: stage III and IV

86
Q

What happens if you perform a stalk section?

A

remove hypothalmic influences

87
Q

The neural crest cells that develop from a downware evagination of the floor of the third ventricle forms a pouch which lumen closes of at the sdies to form the neural stalk while the upper portion of the pouch forms a recess in the floor of the third ventricle known as what?

A

median eminence

88
Q

What hormone is responsible for lactogenesis?

A

prolactin

89
Q

What subunit of TSH, FSH and LH are identical to eachother?

A

α-subunit

91
Q

What cranial nerves are in the cavernous sinus?

A

II, IV and VI

92
Q

A major stimulator for ADH is what?

A

a decrease in plasma osmolality

93
Q

What is lactogenesis?

A

milk production in response to suckling

93
Q

What endocrine roles does the brain play?(5 points)

A

hormone production, chronological control, stress responses, hormone metabolism and hormone targets

94
Q

What prohormone can give rise to many products?

A

Pro-Opio-Melanocortin Family(POMC)

95
Q

What are the actions of oxytocin?(3 points)

A

needed for efficicent milk delivery, uterine contractions, involved in sexuality

96
Q

What nucleus in the hypothalmic-pituitary axis is very important in the circiadian rhythm?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

97
Q

GH secretion is stimuated or inhibited by decreased FFA?

A

stimulated

98
Q

What stimulates the release of FSH?

A

GnRH

100
Q

There is a direct connection between the light and what nucleus in the hypothalamus?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

102
Q

What circumventricular organ responds to light?

A

pineal gland

104
Q

The α-subunit of hCG and the α-subunit of TSH are the same or different?

A

they’re the same

106
Q

How many genes are required to synthesize LH?

A

two genes

107
Q

How do you differentiate the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary on an image or on a gross structure?

A

The posterior pituitary looks white on an image and via gross structure and the anterior pituitary doesn’t look white due to the fact that is mainly has blood vessels and the posterior pituitary mainly has nerve filaments

108
Q

ADH binding to V1 receptors causes what responses?

A

stimulates contraction

110
Q

The primary capillaries of the hypothalamus sit in what structure?

A

median eminence

111
Q
A
112
Q

The gene required to synthesize the α-subunit for TSH and the α-subunit of LH are the same or different?

A

they’re different

113
Q

Melatonin synthesis occurs in the day time or in the night time?

A

night time

114
Q

During pregnancy, what hormones causes growth and development of mammary alveoli?

A

estrogen and progesterone

116
Q

During puberty, what induces a large burst in GH?

A

sex steroids

118
Q

GH secretion stimulated or inhibited by growth hormone?

A

inhibited

118
Q

Why shouldn’t we worry about growth of a women during pregnancy, due to the fact that pregnancy inhibits GH hormone release?

A

the placenta synthesizes and produces its own type of growth hormone

119
Q

A person with a prolactinoma is more likey to be hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic?

A

hypoglycemic

121
Q

All of the hypothalamic hormones get released to what structure?

A

median eminence

122
Q
A
122
Q

What hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin and ADH

123
Q

ADH interacts with what receptors in the kidney?

A

high affinity V2 receptors

125
Q

hCG is a peptide hormone or a steroid hormone?

A

peptide hormone or more specifically a glycoprotein

126
Q

Dopamine antagonist are commonly used as what type of general psychological medication?

A

anti-psychotics

127
Q

What hormonal changes would occur if a stalk section was performed?(6 points)

A

You lose FSH, LH, ACTH and TSH. You lost most of GH. There will be an increase in prolactin.

128
Q

What is a secondary stimulus to ADH release?

A

a large decrease in blood volume

130
Q
A
132
Q

How does TRH affect prolactin release?

A

It stimulates prolactin release

133
Q

ACTH action?(2 points)

A

stimulates adrenal growth and cortisol production

135
Q

GH secretion +/- by fasting/starvation?

A

stimulated(+)

136
Q

What organ in the circumventicular organs plays a very important role in the control of water and salt intake?

A

subfornical organ

136
Q

DA agonist -/+ prolactin secretion?

A

(-)

138
Q

GH secretion stimulated or inhibited by pubertal hormones?

A

stimulated

140
Q

How does an increase in GHRH affect the hypothalamus?

A

It inhibits the hypothalmus from synthesizing and relasing GHRH

142
Q

What hormones at puberty causes proliferation and branching of the mammary ducts?(2 points)

A

estrogen and prolactin

142
Q

What kind of hormone deficiency of excess can cause a adrenocortical pituitary hypofunction?

A

prolactin excess

143
Q

If plasma osmolaity is normal, urine osmlaity reflects what

A

hydration status

144
Q

GH excess effects during a postpubertal age causes what?

A

acromegaly

145
Q

TSH secretion is stimulated by what?

A

hypothalmic TRH

147
Q

What inhibits the release of GH?

A

hypothalmic somatostatin

148
Q

Does GH deficiency always have the same affect regardless of the timeline?

A

No, the affects are very different if it is prepubertal or post-pubertal

150
Q

What are the types of neuroendocrine disorders?(3 points)

A

primary, secondary and tertiary

152
Q

What are the relative levels of prolactin in a normal adult?

A

low

153
Q

GH secretion inhibited or stimulated by somatostatin?

A

inhibited

154
Q

Does hyperglycemia inhibit or stimulate GH release?

A

inhibit

155
Q

What type of receptors in the vascultaure does ADH bind?

A

V1 receptors

156
Q

ADH interactions with V2 receptors in the kidneys results in what?

A

an increase in water channels (AQP2)

158
Q

What hormones stimulate the production of milk during pregnancy?(2 points)

A

estrogen and progesteron INHIBIT the production of mik during pregnancy

159
Q

Prolactin deficiency results in what issue?

A

failure to lactate

160
Q

How does growth hormone affect the hypothalamus(2 points)

A

it stimulates the hypothalmus to synthesize and release somatostatin which inhibits the anterior pituitary

162
Q

If plasma osmolaity is high, urine osmolaity is what?

A

high

163
Q

How similar are the growth hormone, prolactin and hPL/hCS?

A

they’re simliar hormones (75% homology and 80% homology, respectively speaking)

164
Q

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone +/- prolactin secretion?

A

(+)

165
Q

What are the pro-metabolic affects of GH?(2 points)

A

increase uptake of amino acids and stimulate proteins synthesis and increase organ size

166
Q

What can prolactin excess cause?(5 points)

A

galactorrhea, infertility and other pittuiary hypofuctions like adrenocortical and thyroid

167
Q

How does growth hormone affect linear growth?

A

It increases linear growth during pubertal growth spurt

168
Q

How is GH diabetogenic?(5 points)

A

It results in the increase of blood glucose concentration, it decrease muscle and adipose tissue glucose uptake and it increase lipolysis in adipose tissue

169
Q

GH secretion stimulated or inhibited by somatomedins?

A

inhibited

170
Q

Does GH stimulate the conservation of fat or the lipolysis of fat?

A

lipolysis of fat

171
Q

What percentage loss of blood volume is sufficient to increase the release of ADH?

A

10-20% loss of blood volume

172
Q

Luteinizing hormone release is stimulated by what?

A

GnRH

173
Q

How do somatmedins affects the hypothalamus in the regualation of GH?(2 points)

A

it stimulates the hypothalmus to synthesize somatostatin which inhibits the anterior pituitary

174
Q

ADH excess causes what?

A

SIADH

175
Q

What circumventricular organ is very important when you consider pH, breathing, respirtaion and cardiovascular control?

A

Area Postrema

176
Q

How does the prolactin level change for a person who has a prolactin secreting tumor?

A

It would go from like 20 to 1000

178
Q

What happens if their is a pitutiary tumor in the sella turcia large enough to compress the cavernous sinus?

A

The three nerve, II, IV and VI could be compressed leading to mild to significant vision probelms.

179
Q

What neurlogical disease does Dopmaine treat?

A

Parkinson’s disease

180
Q

What are the circumventricular organs?6-8

A

median eminence of the hypothalamus, neurohypophysis, subfornical organ, area postrema, pineal gland, choroid plexus, organum vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis and subcommisural organ

181
Q

Oxytocin release is stimulated by what physial manipulations?(3 points)

A

nipple stimulation, nipple suckling and cervical stretch

182
Q

What general types of actions does GH exert?(2 points)

A

direct and indirect

IEMR (19 decks)

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