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IEMR > (IEMR4-5)Microanatomy Lab > Flashcards

(IEMR4-5)Microanatomy Lab Flashcards

1
Q
A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

What system induces a more rapid response: endocrine or nervous?

A

anterior pituitary

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3
Q
A

pars intermedia with residuum of rathke’s pouch in the center of the image

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4
Q
A

posterior pituitary gland

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5
Q
A

neurofilament protein immunoperoxidase techanique conveying the posterior pituitary

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6
Q
A

pineal gland

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7
Q
A

thyroid gland

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8
Q
A

thyroid follicle of thryoid gland

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9
Q
A

thyroid follicle of thyroidoid gland

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10
Q
A

parafollicular cell or clear cell

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11
Q
A

histological section of parathyroid gland

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12
Q
A

parathyroid

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13
Q
A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

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14
Q
A

adrenal cortex showing the three layers, zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis and the adrenal medulla

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15
Q
A

adrenal cortex and the three layers: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

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16
Q
A

zona fasciculata

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17
Q
A

zona reticularis

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18
Q
A

steroid secreteing cells

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19
Q
A

adrenal medulla with adjacent zona reticularis at the top of the image

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20
Q
A

adrenal medulla chrome salt fixation

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21
Q
A

Islets of Langerhans

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22
Q
A

Islets of Langerhans Immunoperoxidase for insulin

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23
Q
A

Islets of Langerhans immunoperoxidase for glucagon

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24
Q

What system induces a more rapid response: endocrine or nervous?

A

nervous system

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25
Q

What are the two basic types of hormones?

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones

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26
Q

What are general groups of hydrophilic hormones?(2-3 points)

A

amines, polypeptides and glycoproteins

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27
Q

What is a hormone group that alls into the category of hydrophobic hormones?

A

steroids

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28
Q

What basic type of hormone can pass through cell membranes easily?

A

hydrophobic hormones

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29
Q

Cells that tend to have smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets, synthesize what group of hormones?

A

steroids

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30
Q

What is a specific description of a mitochondria of a cell producing steroid hormones?(2-3 points)

A

The mitochondria will have a reduced volume in the outer compartment, a lot of matrix and the conformation of the mitochondria will be described as “orthodox conformation”.

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31
Q

What is the description of a cell’s mithchondria that isn’t involed in steroid synthesis?(2-3 points)

A

The outer compartment of the mithcondria will be increased in volume, there won’t be alot of matrix and the cell is described to have a condensed formation in order to complete oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP

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32
Q

The pituitary gland sits in what bone in the skull?

A

sphenoid bone

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33
Q

The pitutiary gland is located in a depression in the sphenoid bone. What is the name of this depression?

A

sella turcica

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34
Q

The anterior pituitary is also referred as what?

A

adenohypophysis

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35
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is derived from what structure?

A

oral ectoderm

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36
Q

The outpocketing of the oral ectoderm, which derives the anterior pitutiary gland, is also referred as what?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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37
Q

The anterior pituitary is composed of three structures. What are those structures?

A

pars distalis, pars tuberalis and the pars intermedia

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38
Q

The remnants of rathke’s pouch is located in what structures that comprises the anterior pituitary?

A

pars intermedia

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39
Q

The pars intermedia is a narrow region located between what two structures?

A

pars distalis and pars nervosa

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40
Q

Out of the three structures that make up the anterior pitutiary, what structure makes up the bulk of the anterior pitutiary?

A

pars distalis

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41
Q

What structures extends up toward teh brain and wraps around the infundibulum? This structure is also one of the structure that makes up the anterior pitutiary.

A

pars tuberalis

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42
Q

What is more cellular, the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary?

A

anterior pitutiary

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43
Q

The main cell types of the anterior pituitary are subdivided into what two main categories?

A

chromophils and the chromophobes

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44
Q

Category of cell found in anterior pituitary: secretory cells with granules that take up stain

A

chromophils

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45
Q

Category of cell in the anterior pitutiary: cells which do not have much staining in the cytoplasm

A

chromophobe

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46
Q

Category of cell in the adenohypophysis: secrete simple proteins and are abundant in the periphery of the gland

A

acidophils

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47
Q

Mammotrophic acidophilic cells produce what synthesize and secrete what hormone?

A

prolactin

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48
Q

What cell secrete growth hormone?

A

somatotrophic acidophils

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49
Q

What cell category in the adenohypohysis is more abundant in the core of the gland and bluish in H&E section?

A

basophilic chromophils

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50
Q

What are the classes of basophilic cells?(4 points)

A

gonadotrophic, thyrotrophic, corticotrophic and melanotrophic cells

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51
Q

What is a nemonic used to remember the hormones that are secreted by the acidophils?

A

GPA: growth hormone, prolactin, acidophils

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52
Q

What is a nemonic used to remember the basophilic chromophils?

A

B-FLAT: basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH and TSH

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53
Q

Where is the specific location of melanotrophic cells(basophilc cells)?

A

pars intermedia

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54
Q

What are two populations of cells that make up the chromophobes in the anterior pituitary?

A

chromophils that have secreted all of their products or undifferentiated stem cells

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55
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

neurohypophysis

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56
Q

The posterior pituitary is composed of what structures?

A

pars nervosa and the infudibulum stalk

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57
Q

What is a very poorly staining region composd of unmyelinated axons, fenestrated capillaries and pituitcytes?

A

posterior pituitary

58
Q

Oxytocin is synthesized in what specific location?

A

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

59
Q

Vasopressin is synthesized in what specific location?

A

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalmus

60
Q

What hormone is involved in milk ejection and uterint smooth muscle contraction?

A

oxytocin

61
Q

What hormone increases water permeability of kidney collecting ducts and promotes vascular muscle contraction, thereby increasing blood volume and pressure?

A

vasopressin

62
Q

The majority of the uclei in the pars nervosa are from what speific type of cells?

A

pituicytes

63
Q

What is a small flattened, cone-shaped structure at the roof of the third ventricle?

A

pineal gland

64
Q

The pineal gland is embryologicaly derived from what primitive germ layer?

A

neuroectoderm

65
Q

The pineal gland is in charge of what type of control in the body?

A

circadian rhythms

66
Q

The pineal gland synthesizes and secretes what substance?

A

melatonin

67
Q

What is a major histological feature of hte pineal gland?

A

corpora arenacea

68
Q

The corpora arencea is known to contain what substances?

A

concretions of calcium phosphate crystals

69
Q

What structure is a highly vascularized ductless gland lying anterior to the trachea?

A

thyroid

70
Q

The thyroid gland develops from what primary germ layer?

A

endoderm

71
Q

The functional unit of the thyroid gland is what?

A

follicle

72
Q

The thyroid follicle is spherical structure composed a single-layer of follicular cells surrounding a lumen filled with what?

A

colloid

73
Q

The major component in the colloid of the thyroid follicle is what substance?

A

glycoprotein thryglobulin

74
Q

The basal end of the follicular cell faces what structure?

A

fenestrated capillary

75
Q

The apical end of the follicular cells faces what histological structure?

A

colloid filled lumen

76
Q

In a very hypoactive thyroid, most of the follicular cells become what type of epithelium?

A

squamous

77
Q

What cell organlles are located at the basal portion of a hypoactive follicular cell?

A

lysosomes

78
Q

In a highly stimulated thyroid, most of the follicular cells become what type of epithelium?

A

columnar

79
Q

What specific cells secrete calcitonin from the thyroid gland?q

A

parafollicular cells or clear cells

80
Q

Is calcitonin released in response to high level of serum calcium or low levels of serum calcium?

A

high levels of serum calcium

81
Q

How many parathyroid glands exist in the body?

A

four

82
Q

Is each parathyroid gland associated with the thyroid gland?

A

yes

83
Q

The superior parathyroid glands are derived from what branchial arch?

A

fourth

84
Q

the inferior parathryroid glands are derived from what branchial arch?

A

3rd branchial arch

85
Q

What are the two major cell types found in the parathyroid gland?

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

86
Q

What specific cells are reponsible for synthesizing and secreting parathyroid hormone?

A

chief cells

87
Q

What specific cells are known to grow in number with age and are found in the parathyroid gland?(2 points)

A

oxyphil cells and adipocytes

88
Q

Do oxyphil cells ever outnumber the chief cells while a person ages?

A

no, oxyphil cells never outnumber the chief cells while a person ages

89
Q

Parathyroid hormone is released in response to high calcium serum levels or low calcium serum levels?

A

low calcium serum levels

90
Q

The adrenal cortex is derived from what primitive germ layer?

A

adrenal cortex

91
Q

The adrenal medulla is derived from what primitive germ layer?

A

neural crest ectoderm

92
Q

The autonomic fibers in the cortex are primarily parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

93
Q

The parasympathetic innvervation going to the adrenal cortex mainly controls what type of activity?(2 points)

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

94
Q

Each medullary cells in the adrenal medulla is innervated by what type of fiber?

A

a single myelinated sympathetic fiber

95
Q

The adrenal cortex is seperated in what three layers?

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

96
Q

Hormone products to be delivered to the lumen of the capillaries must pass through how many barriers in the zona glomerulosa?

A

six barriers

97
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex is 15% of adrenal volume?

A

zona glomerulosa

98
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex is 65% of adrenal volume?

A

zona fasciculata

99
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex is 7% of adrenal volume?

A

zona reticularis

100
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex is known to synthesize and secrete aldosterone?

A

zona glomerulosa

101
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex is known to synthesize and secrete cortisol?

A

zona fasciculata

102
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex has the largest most numberous lipid droplets?

A

zona fasciculata

103
Q

Each cell of the adrenal medulla is innervated specifically by what type of neuron?

A

sympathetic preganglionic neuron

104
Q

Waht cells in the medulla secrete epinephrine and norpeinephrine?

A

chromaffin cells

105
Q

What cells in the adrenal medulla are postganglionic sympathetic neurons which have lost their axons and dendrites?

A

chromaffin cells

106
Q

What endocrine cell in the Islet of Langerhans on the pancreas constitute about 20% of the islet cell population?

A

α-cells

107
Q

α-cells are usually located in what region of the Islet of Langerhans?

A

the periphery

108
Q

α-cells synthesize what hormone which is released in reponse to what?

A

α-cells synthesize glucagon which is released in response to low levels of blood sugar

109
Q

What has a larger golgi complex in the Islet of Langerhans: α-cells or the β-cell?

A

β-cells have a large golgi complex

110
Q

β-cells are usually located in what portion of the Islet of Langerhans?

A

they’re more centrally located

111
Q

What cells constitute about 70% of the cells in the Islet of Langerhans on the pancreas?

A

β-cells

112
Q

What are cells in the Islet of Langerhans on the pancreas that do not stain very well and they contain a diminutive Golgi complex?

A

C cells or clear cell of the Islet of Langerhans

113
Q

What is the difference in staining color between α-cells and δ-cells?

A

α-cells stain red and δ-cells stain blue

114
Q

δ-cells synthesize and secrete what hormone and what is the action of this hormone?

A

somatostatin which inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon

115
Q

What hormone synthesized and secreted from a region in the adrenal cortex provides resistance to infections, resistance to stress and inhibits allergic reactions?

A

cortisol

116
Q

The neurohypophysis is also referred as what?

A

posterior pituitary

117
Q

The adenohypophysis is commonly referred to as what?

A

anterior pituitary

118
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from what precursor substrate?

A

cholesterol

119
Q

In order for a hormone to act on a cell, the cel must have ___ for that hormone.

A

receptors

120
Q

Releasing hormones are produced by what in the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

121
Q

Stimulating hormone sare produced by what in the endocrine system?

A

anterior pituitary

122
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by what gland?

A

thyroid gland

123
Q

Caltitonin heps to regulate the plasma concentration of what?

A

calcium

124
Q

[RESPOND TO THE SITUATION]This patient has a tumor that damaged his hypothalamus, but not his pituitary gland. Among numerous other hormone problems, he is not secreting enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH). “I do not understand this,” says a freshman medical student, “ADH comes from the pituitary and does not have a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. How can his hypothalamic tumor cause his lack of ADH?”

A

Although ADH is released from the posterior pituitary, it is synthesized in areas of the hypothalamus. Apparently his tumor damaged that portion of the hypothalamus , so he cannot make ADH

125
Q

[RESPOND TO THE SITUATION]This patient with a long history of cigarette smoking has a malignant tumor of the lung. The cancer cells secrete uncontrolled amount of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). A freshman medical student ask you “Why are they repeatedly drawing blood to measure calcium? Is the calcium level to low or too high?”

A

The calcium level is too high because the cancer cells make a substance similar to normal parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone normally raises the blood calcium but a negative system decreases its production when the calcium levels start to rise in the blood. The substance produced by the cancer cells make acts like parathyroid hormone and raises blood calcium, but it is not controlled by negative feedback so the cancer cells are making to much of it.

126
Q

A freshman medical student is asking you “please help me make sense of the renin-angiotensin system. If the kidney blood vessels sense low blood flow I understand they release renin into the blood, but I do not understand how does that help fix the low blood flow. I want the details.”

A

Renin acts on a substance called angiotensin, which normally circulates in the blood. It converts it to angiotensin I. Then the capillaries in the lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone circulates to the kidneys and causes them to put more salt and water back into the blood. That kidney action increases the blood volume and can increase the blood flow in the kidney blood vessels.

127
Q

[RESPOND TO THE SITUATION]A freshman medical student is inquiring about an adult relative who has newly diagnosed acromegaly. He states “last winter she had to buy a larger pair of gloves and larger shoes, even though the old ones were in good condition. There has been no increase in her height. She was told that she has too much growth hormone. Why doesn’t too much growth make her taller?

A

A child who has too much growth hormone grows tall like a giant, but if an individual already is an adult before producing too much growth hormone then the effects are different because the long bones have already stopped growing as the result of the closure of the growth plate. Adults with growth hormone excess develop enlarged jaw, forehead, tongue and internal organ and the acral portions of the body manifested by enlargement of the hands and feet.

128
Q

[RESPOND TO THE SITUATION]Respond to a freshman medical student inquiring about the distinguishing histological features of a benign tumor of the anterior pituitary from that of the normal anterior pituitary gland.

A

In a section of a normal anterior pituitary the cells are polyclonal revealing acidophilic (eosinophilic), basophilic and chromophobic cells while that of the tumor most often are monoclonal with only one type of cells (basophilic, eosinophilic or chromophobic depending on the basic nature of the tumor).

129
Q

What is the characteristic histological features of the bony lesion of primary hyperparathyroidism?(3-6) points

A

Cystic lesion of the bone with numerous multinuclear osteoclastic cells, mononuclear inflammatory cells, degenerating red blood cells with hemosiderin deposition and fibrosis( brown tumor of the bones, osteitis fibrosa cystica)

130
Q

Which endocrine disorder is often associated with gangrene of the distal portion of the lower extremities?

A

osteoporosis

131
Q

Which endocrine disorder is often associated with gangrene of the distal portion of the lower extremities?

A

diabetes mellitus

132
Q

Which condition of the thyroid is often complicated with a lymphoma?

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis (non-Hodgkin lymphoma)

133
Q

Polycythemia is most often associated with neoplasm of which of the internal organs?

A

Kidney (Renal cell carcinoma)

134
Q

Which pulmonary condition is often associated with a variety of endocrinopathies?

A

small (oat) cell carcinoma

135
Q

Tumors of which of the endocrine organs is associated severe hypertension and pounding headache with histological evidence of foci of myocardial necrosis with contraction bands?

A

Adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma)

136
Q

Which endocrine condition is associated with saccular abdominal aneurysms?

A

Diabetes mellitus as the result of severe atherosclerosis (remember the other high risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis- cigarette smoking, hypertension and hyperlipidemia.)

137
Q

Which of the endocrine conditions is a cause of high output heart failure?

A

primary hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)

138
Q

List the renal conditions associated with long- standing diabetes mellitus.(2-4 points)

A

glomerulosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, pyelonephritis and renal papillary necrosis

139
Q

What renal conditions associated with long-standing diabetes mellitus are pathognomonic?

A

nodular glomerulosclerosis and efferent arteriosclerosis

140
Q

What are the types of glomerulosclerosis that are associated with long-standing diabetes?(2 points)

A

nodular and diffuse

141
Q

What are the types of renal conditions in the category of arteriosclerosis, associated with long standing diabetes mellitus?(2 points)

A

afferent and efferent

142
Q

Indicate the endocrine conditions associated with peptic ulcer disease?

A

IEMR (19 decks)

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