(IEMR4-5)Microanatomy Lab Flashcards
Pituitary gland
What system induces a more rapid response: endocrine or nervous?
anterior pituitary
pars intermedia with residuum of rathke’s pouch in the center of the image
posterior pituitary gland
neurofilament protein immunoperoxidase techanique conveying the posterior pituitary
pineal gland
thyroid gland
thyroid follicle of thryoid gland
thyroid follicle of thyroidoid gland
parafollicular cell or clear cell
histological section of parathyroid gland
parathyroid
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex showing the three layers, zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis and the adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex and the three layers: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
steroid secreteing cells
adrenal medulla with adjacent zona reticularis at the top of the image
adrenal medulla chrome salt fixation
Islets of Langerhans
Islets of Langerhans Immunoperoxidase for insulin
Islets of Langerhans immunoperoxidase for glucagon
What system induces a more rapid response: endocrine or nervous?
nervous system
What are the two basic types of hormones?
hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones
What are general groups of hydrophilic hormones?(2-3 points)
amines, polypeptides and glycoproteins
What is a hormone group that alls into the category of hydrophobic hormones?
steroids
What basic type of hormone can pass through cell membranes easily?
hydrophobic hormones
Cells that tend to have smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets, synthesize what group of hormones?
steroids
What is a specific description of a mitochondria of a cell producing steroid hormones?(2-3 points)
The mitochondria will have a reduced volume in the outer compartment, a lot of matrix and the conformation of the mitochondria will be described as “orthodox conformation”.
What is the description of a cell’s mithchondria that isn’t involed in steroid synthesis?(2-3 points)
The outer compartment of the mithcondria will be increased in volume, there won’t be alot of matrix and the cell is described to have a condensed formation in order to complete oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP
The pituitary gland sits in what bone in the skull?
sphenoid bone
The pitutiary gland is located in a depression in the sphenoid bone. What is the name of this depression?
sella turcica
The anterior pituitary is also referred as what?
adenohypophysis
The anterior pituitary gland is derived from what structure?
oral ectoderm
The outpocketing of the oral ectoderm, which derives the anterior pitutiary gland, is also referred as what?
Rathke’s pouch
The anterior pituitary is composed of three structures. What are those structures?
pars distalis, pars tuberalis and the pars intermedia
The remnants of rathke’s pouch is located in what structures that comprises the anterior pituitary?
pars intermedia
The pars intermedia is a narrow region located between what two structures?
pars distalis and pars nervosa
Out of the three structures that make up the anterior pitutiary, what structure makes up the bulk of the anterior pitutiary?
pars distalis
What structures extends up toward teh brain and wraps around the infundibulum? This structure is also one of the structure that makes up the anterior pitutiary.
pars tuberalis
What is more cellular, the anterior pituitary or the posterior pituitary?
anterior pitutiary
The main cell types of the anterior pituitary are subdivided into what two main categories?
chromophils and the chromophobes
Category of cell found in anterior pituitary: secretory cells with granules that take up stain
chromophils
Category of cell in the anterior pitutiary: cells which do not have much staining in the cytoplasm
chromophobe
Category of cell in the adenohypophysis: secrete simple proteins and are abundant in the periphery of the gland
acidophils
Mammotrophic acidophilic cells produce what synthesize and secrete what hormone?
prolactin
What cell secrete growth hormone?
somatotrophic acidophils
What cell category in the adenohypohysis is more abundant in the core of the gland and bluish in H&E section?
basophilic chromophils
What are the classes of basophilic cells?(4 points)
gonadotrophic, thyrotrophic, corticotrophic and melanotrophic cells
What is a nemonic used to remember the hormones that are secreted by the acidophils?
GPA: growth hormone, prolactin, acidophils
What is a nemonic used to remember the basophilic chromophils?
B-FLAT: basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH and TSH
Where is the specific location of melanotrophic cells(basophilc cells)?
pars intermedia
What are two populations of cells that make up the chromophobes in the anterior pituitary?
chromophils that have secreted all of their products or undifferentiated stem cells
What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?
neurohypophysis
The posterior pituitary is composed of what structures?
pars nervosa and the infudibulum stalk
What is a very poorly staining region composd of unmyelinated axons, fenestrated capillaries and pituitcytes?
posterior pituitary
Oxytocin is synthesized in what specific location?
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Vasopressin is synthesized in what specific location?
supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalmus
What hormone is involved in milk ejection and uterint smooth muscle contraction?
oxytocin
What hormone increases water permeability of kidney collecting ducts and promotes vascular muscle contraction, thereby increasing blood volume and pressure?
vasopressin
The majority of the uclei in the pars nervosa are from what speific type of cells?
pituicytes
What is a small flattened, cone-shaped structure at the roof of the third ventricle?
pineal gland
The pineal gland is embryologicaly derived from what primitive germ layer?
neuroectoderm
The pineal gland is in charge of what type of control in the body?
circadian rhythms
The pineal gland synthesizes and secretes what substance?
melatonin
What is a major histological feature of hte pineal gland?
corpora arenacea
The corpora arencea is known to contain what substances?
concretions of calcium phosphate crystals
What structure is a highly vascularized ductless gland lying anterior to the trachea?
thyroid
The thyroid gland develops from what primary germ layer?
endoderm
The functional unit of the thyroid gland is what?
follicle
The thyroid follicle is spherical structure composed a single-layer of follicular cells surrounding a lumen filled with what?
colloid
The major component in the colloid of the thyroid follicle is what substance?
glycoprotein thryglobulin
The basal end of the follicular cell faces what structure?
fenestrated capillary
The apical end of the follicular cells faces what histological structure?
colloid filled lumen
In a very hypoactive thyroid, most of the follicular cells become what type of epithelium?
squamous
What cell organlles are located at the basal portion of a hypoactive follicular cell?
lysosomes
In a highly stimulated thyroid, most of the follicular cells become what type of epithelium?
columnar
What specific cells secrete calcitonin from the thyroid gland?q
parafollicular cells or clear cells
Is calcitonin released in response to high level of serum calcium or low levels of serum calcium?
high levels of serum calcium
How many parathyroid glands exist in the body?
four
Is each parathyroid gland associated with the thyroid gland?
yes
The superior parathyroid glands are derived from what branchial arch?
fourth
the inferior parathryroid glands are derived from what branchial arch?
3rd branchial arch
What are the two major cell types found in the parathyroid gland?
chief cells and oxyphil cells
What specific cells are reponsible for synthesizing and secreting parathyroid hormone?
chief cells
What specific cells are known to grow in number with age and are found in the parathyroid gland?(2 points)
oxyphil cells and adipocytes
Do oxyphil cells ever outnumber the chief cells while a person ages?
no, oxyphil cells never outnumber the chief cells while a person ages
Parathyroid hormone is released in response to high calcium serum levels or low calcium serum levels?
low calcium serum levels
The adrenal cortex is derived from what primitive germ layer?
adrenal cortex
The adrenal medulla is derived from what primitive germ layer?
neural crest ectoderm
The autonomic fibers in the cortex are primarily parasympathetic or sympathetic?
parasympathetic
The parasympathetic innvervation going to the adrenal cortex mainly controls what type of activity?(2 points)
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Each medullary cells in the adrenal medulla is innervated by what type of fiber?
a single myelinated sympathetic fiber
The adrenal cortex is seperated in what three layers?
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
Hormone products to be delivered to the lumen of the capillaries must pass through how many barriers in the zona glomerulosa?
six barriers
What layer of the adrenal cortex is 15% of adrenal volume?
zona glomerulosa
What layer of the adrenal cortex is 65% of adrenal volume?
zona fasciculata
What layer of the adrenal cortex is 7% of adrenal volume?
zona reticularis
What layer of the adrenal cortex is known to synthesize and secrete aldosterone?
zona glomerulosa
What layer of the adrenal cortex is known to synthesize and secrete cortisol?
zona fasciculata
What layer of the adrenal cortex has the largest most numberous lipid droplets?
zona fasciculata
Each cell of the adrenal medulla is innervated specifically by what type of neuron?
sympathetic preganglionic neuron
Waht cells in the medulla secrete epinephrine and norpeinephrine?
chromaffin cells
What cells in the adrenal medulla are postganglionic sympathetic neurons which have lost their axons and dendrites?
chromaffin cells
What endocrine cell in the Islet of Langerhans on the pancreas constitute about 20% of the islet cell population?
α-cells
α-cells are usually located in what region of the Islet of Langerhans?
the periphery
α-cells synthesize what hormone which is released in reponse to what?
α-cells synthesize glucagon which is released in response to low levels of blood sugar
What has a larger golgi complex in the Islet of Langerhans: α-cells or the β-cell?
β-cells have a large golgi complex
β-cells are usually located in what portion of the Islet of Langerhans?
they’re more centrally located
What cells constitute about 70% of the cells in the Islet of Langerhans on the pancreas?
β-cells
What are cells in the Islet of Langerhans on the pancreas that do not stain very well and they contain a diminutive Golgi complex?
C cells or clear cell of the Islet of Langerhans
What is the difference in staining color between α-cells and δ-cells?
α-cells stain red and δ-cells stain blue
δ-cells synthesize and secrete what hormone and what is the action of this hormone?
somatostatin which inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon
What hormone synthesized and secreted from a region in the adrenal cortex provides resistance to infections, resistance to stress and inhibits allergic reactions?
cortisol
The neurohypophysis is also referred as what?
posterior pituitary
The adenohypophysis is commonly referred to as what?
anterior pituitary
Steroid hormones are synthesized from what precursor substrate?
cholesterol
In order for a hormone to act on a cell, the cel must have ___ for that hormone.
receptors
Releasing hormones are produced by what in the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
Stimulating hormone sare produced by what in the endocrine system?
anterior pituitary
Calcitonin is secreted by what gland?
thyroid gland
Caltitonin heps to regulate the plasma concentration of what?
calcium
[RESPOND TO THE SITUATION]This patient has a tumor that damaged his hypothalamus, but not his pituitary gland. Among numerous other hormone problems, he is not secreting enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH). “I do not understand this,” says a freshman medical student, “ADH comes from the pituitary and does not have a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. How can his hypothalamic tumor cause his lack of ADH?”
Although ADH is released from the posterior pituitary, it is synthesized in areas of the hypothalamus. Apparently his tumor damaged that portion of the hypothalamus , so he cannot make ADH
[RESPOND TO THE SITUATION]This patient with a long history of cigarette smoking has a malignant tumor of the lung. The cancer cells secrete uncontrolled amount of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). A freshman medical student ask you “Why are they repeatedly drawing blood to measure calcium? Is the calcium level to low or too high?”
The calcium level is too high because the cancer cells make a substance similar to normal parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone normally raises the blood calcium but a negative system decreases its production when the calcium levels start to rise in the blood. The substance produced by the cancer cells make acts like parathyroid hormone and raises blood calcium, but it is not controlled by negative feedback so the cancer cells are making to much of it.
A freshman medical student is asking you “please help me make sense of the renin-angiotensin system. If the kidney blood vessels sense low blood flow I understand they release renin into the blood, but I do not understand how does that help fix the low blood flow. I want the details.”
Renin acts on a substance called angiotensin, which normally circulates in the blood. It converts it to angiotensin I. Then the capillaries in the lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone circulates to the kidneys and causes them to put more salt and water back into the blood. That kidney action increases the blood volume and can increase the blood flow in the kidney blood vessels.
[RESPOND TO THE SITUATION]A freshman medical student is inquiring about an adult relative who has newly diagnosed acromegaly. He states “last winter she had to buy a larger pair of gloves and larger shoes, even though the old ones were in good condition. There has been no increase in her height. She was told that she has too much growth hormone. Why doesn’t too much growth make her taller?
A child who has too much growth hormone grows tall like a giant, but if an individual already is an adult before producing too much growth hormone then the effects are different because the long bones have already stopped growing as the result of the closure of the growth plate. Adults with growth hormone excess develop enlarged jaw, forehead, tongue and internal organ and the acral portions of the body manifested by enlargement of the hands and feet.
[RESPOND TO THE SITUATION]Respond to a freshman medical student inquiring about the distinguishing histological features of a benign tumor of the anterior pituitary from that of the normal anterior pituitary gland.
In a section of a normal anterior pituitary the cells are polyclonal revealing acidophilic (eosinophilic), basophilic and chromophobic cells while that of the tumor most often are monoclonal with only one type of cells (basophilic, eosinophilic or chromophobic depending on the basic nature of the tumor).
What is the characteristic histological features of the bony lesion of primary hyperparathyroidism?(3-6) points
Cystic lesion of the bone with numerous multinuclear osteoclastic cells, mononuclear inflammatory cells, degenerating red blood cells with hemosiderin deposition and fibrosis( brown tumor of the bones, osteitis fibrosa cystica)
Which endocrine disorder is often associated with gangrene of the distal portion of the lower extremities?
osteoporosis
Which endocrine disorder is often associated with gangrene of the distal portion of the lower extremities?
diabetes mellitus
Which condition of the thyroid is often complicated with a lymphoma?
Hashimoto thyroiditis (non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
Polycythemia is most often associated with neoplasm of which of the internal organs?
Kidney (Renal cell carcinoma)
Which pulmonary condition is often associated with a variety of endocrinopathies?
small (oat) cell carcinoma
Tumors of which of the endocrine organs is associated severe hypertension and pounding headache with histological evidence of foci of myocardial necrosis with contraction bands?
Adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma)
Which endocrine condition is associated with saccular abdominal aneurysms?
Diabetes mellitus as the result of severe atherosclerosis (remember the other high risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis- cigarette smoking, hypertension and hyperlipidemia.)
Which of the endocrine conditions is a cause of high output heart failure?
primary hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)
List the renal conditions associated with long- standing diabetes mellitus.(2-4 points)
glomerulosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, pyelonephritis and renal papillary necrosis
What renal conditions associated with long-standing diabetes mellitus are pathognomonic?
nodular glomerulosclerosis and efferent arteriosclerosis
What are the types of glomerulosclerosis that are associated with long-standing diabetes?(2 points)
nodular and diffuse
What are the types of renal conditions in the category of arteriosclerosis, associated with long standing diabetes mellitus?(2 points)
afferent and efferent
Indicate the endocrine conditions associated with peptic ulcer disease?
