(IEMR3)Microanatomy

Question 1

The secretion of calcitonin hormone levels depend on what?

Answer 1

blood calcium level

Question 2

Is the secretion of calcitonin depent or independent of pituitary and parathyroid hormone levels?

Answer 2

independent of pituitary and parathyroid hormone levels

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Under high magnification, do you see homogenous staining of the cells that make up the anterior pitutiary gland or heterogeneous statining?

Answer 4

You see heterogeneous staining

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 4

Why is it okay to see nuclei in a histological saggital section of the posterior pitutiary gland?

Answer 4

neuroglial cells or supporitive cells for the neural body extensions(axons and dendrites) that extend into the posterior pitutiary gland from the hypothalamus are in this part of hte posterior pitutiary gland

Question 4

What are the glandular cells in the parathyroid gland?(2 points)

Answer 4

**oxyphil cells **and chief cells

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 5

Cell description in parathyroid gland: occurs in nodules and have coious eosinophilic cytoplasm packed with mitochondria and increase in number with age?

Answer 5

oxyphil cells

Question 6

What substances are secreted from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex?

Answer 6

mineral corticoids, i.e, aldosterone

Question 7

What is the definition of a portal system?(anatomical)

Answer 7

Whenever a vein forms from a capillary and breaks down into a capillary

Question 8

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?(3 points)

Answer 8

Iodone containing hormone **triiodothyronine(T3) **and thyroxine(tetraiodothyronine) and calcitonin

Question 9

Why are pineal glands more opaque with older individuals?

Answer 9

calcium phosphate is deposited in the pineal gland and it accumulates more and more over time. The pineal gland looks white on a CT scan due to the deposition of the calcium phosphate over time.

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the common name for the shape of the thyroid gland?

Answer 12

butterfly-shaped

Question 12

What is the composition of thyroid follicles?(2 points)

Answer 12

Follicles are a closed circle of simple cuboidal cells(if relatively inactive) containing fluid(small if active thyroid follicle and large if relatively inactive thyroid follicle).

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

What color stain do follicles usually take up?

Answer 14

pink

Question 14

What type of cells are reponsible for the secretion of the catecholamines found in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 14

chromaffin cells

Question 15

The pancreas gland is very similar to what gland in the GIT system?

Answer 15

parotid gland

Question 16

What fills and is stored in the thyroid follicles?

Answer 16

thyroglobulin

Question 17

The parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of what substance?

Answer 17

calcitonin

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

Where is the location of the cell bodies in the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 19

paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus

Question 20

What is the different between the portal venous system in the GIT and the pituitary gland?**(2 points)**

Answer 20

The portal system in the pituitary gland is composed of **arteries** and the portal system in the GIT is composed of **veins**.

Question 21

What substances are secreted from the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 21

glucocorticoids, i.e., cortisol

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

What cell in the parathyroid gland synthesize and secerete parathyroid hormone?

Answer 23

chief cells

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 25

What type of epithelium lines thyroid follicles in an inactive follicle?

Answer 25

simple cuboidal

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

What are the functional units of the thyroid gland?

Answer 27

thyroid follicles

Question 28

What type of epithelium line thyroid follicles in an active follicle?

Answer 28

simple columnar

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 31

Answer 31

thyroid follicles

Question 32

Answer 32

AP: Anterior Pitutiary Gland PP: Posterior Pituitary Gland O: Optic Chiasm

Question 33

The pitutiary gland sits in a structure within the skull referred to as what?

Answer 33

sella turcica

Question 35

Where is the thyroid gland located?**(3 points)**

Answer 35

it is located **in front** of the **upper part** of the **neck**

Question 37

What is the main difference between the pancreas gland and the partoid gland?**(histological difference****)**

Answer 37

presence of Islets of Langerhan cells in the pancreas and lack of those cells in the parotid gland

Question 38

What hormones regulate the hormone synthesized and released by the thyroid gland?

Answer 38

TSH

Question 40

What type of cells are found in the pineal gland?

Answer 40

pinealocytes

Question 40

What is the purpose of the septa in the thyroid gland and other endocrine organs?**(3 points)**

Answer 40

Septa convey a **rich blood supply**, **lymphatics ** and **nerves**

Question 42

How do you differentiate the anterior and posterior pituitary gland during histological or gross examination?(consider bloodflow)

Answer 42

the anterior pitutiary gland is more vascularized than the posterior pituitary gland

Question 43

Answer 43

Question 44

Why is the pancreas considered to be a composite gland?**(2 points)**

Answer 44

The pancreas has exocrine secretions and endocrine secretions

Question 44

Answer 44

Question 45

What type of cell description in parathyroid gland: small with round central nuclei and pale eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm?

Answer 45

chief cells in parathyroid gland

Question 46

Why is the adrenal gland considered to be a composite gland?**(2 points)**

Answer 46

The adrenal gland is composed of the **adrenal medulla** and the **adrenal cortex** which secrete endocrines secretions but different type of substances are released from those locations.

Question 47

What substances are secreted from the zona reticularis?

Answer 47

sex hormones

Question 49

What are the type of cells that are stained when you observe the anterior pitutiary gland under high manification?**(3 points, general staining names)**

Answer 49

**Acidophils **which take up pink stain very well. **Basophils** which take up blue stain very well and **neutral cells **which don't take up any type of stain very well.

Question 51

What structures produces the hormones secreted by the posterior pitutiary gland?**(2 points)**

Answer 51

**supraoptic nucleus **and the **paraventricular nucleus**

Question 52

Answer 52

Question 54

What type of thyroid follicle is characterized by larger follicles lind by flattened cell containing large amouns of stored colloid?

Answer 54

less active tissue in the thyroid gland or less active thyroid follicle

Question 55

What takes H&E stain better, the posterior pitutiary gland or the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 55

anterior pituitary gland

Question 56

Answer 56

Question 57

Answer 57

Question 58

Answer 58

Question 60

What is the role of the blood supply to the adrenal gland when it comes to hormone release?

Answer 60

The blood supply is one element used to control what hormone is released from the adrenal gland

Question 61

The thin fibrous capsule in the parathyroid gland divides the parenchyma into what?

Answer 61

nodules of secretory cells

Question 62

Answer 62

Question 63

Steroid secreting cells are found in what 3 locations in the body?**(3 points)**

Answer 63

**Ovaries**, **testes** and **adrenal cortex**

Question 64

Answer 64

Question 65

Answer 65

Question 66

Thyroid follicles are responsible for the synthesis of what hormones?**(2 points)**

Answer 66

**triiodothyronin(T3) **and **tetraiodothyronine, **i.e., T4, thyroxine

Question 67

What cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?

Answer 67

parafollicular cells, i.e., clear cells

Question 68

What hormone lowers calcium levels by inhibiting rate of decalcification by osteoblastic resorption and stimulating osteoblastic activity

Answer 68

calcitonin

Question 69

What are the different layers of the adrenal cortex?**(3 points)**

Answer 69

**Zona glomerulosa**, **zona fasiculata**, and **zona reticularis **