(IEMR3)Microanatomy Flashcards
The secretion of calcitonin hormone levels depend on what?
blood calcium level
Is the secretion of calcitonin depent or independent of pituitary and parathyroid hormone levels?
independent of pituitary and parathyroid hormone levels
Under high magnification, do you see homogenous staining of the cells that make up the anterior pitutiary gland or heterogeneous statining?
You see heterogeneous staining
Why is it okay to see nuclei in a histological saggital section of the posterior pitutiary gland?
neuroglial cells or supporitive cells for the neural body extensions(axons and dendrites) that extend into the posterior pitutiary gland from the hypothalamus are in this part of hte posterior pitutiary gland
What are the glandular cells in the parathyroid gland?(2 points)
**oxyphil cells **and chief cells
Cell description in parathyroid gland: occurs in nodules and have coious eosinophilic cytoplasm packed with mitochondria and increase in number with age?
oxyphil cells
What substances are secreted from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex?
mineral corticoids, i.e, aldosterone
What is the definition of a portal system?(anatomical)
Whenever a vein forms from a capillary and breaks down into a capillary
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?(3 points)
Iodone containing hormone **triiodothyronine(T3) **and thyroxine(tetraiodothyronine) and calcitonin
Why are pineal glands more opaque with older individuals?
calcium phosphate is deposited in the pineal gland and it accumulates more and more over time. The pineal gland looks white on a CT scan due to the deposition of the calcium phosphate over time.
What is the common name for the shape of the thyroid gland?
butterfly-shaped
What is the composition of thyroid follicles?(2 points)
Follicles are a closed circle of simple cuboidal cells(if relatively inactive) containing fluid(small if active thyroid follicle and large if relatively inactive thyroid follicle).
What color stain do follicles usually take up?
pink
What type of cells are reponsible for the secretion of the catecholamines found in the adrenal medulla?
chromaffin cells
The pancreas gland is very similar to what gland in the GIT system?
parotid gland
What fills and is stored in the thyroid follicles?
thyroglobulin
The parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of what substance?
calcitonin
Where is the location of the cell bodies in the posterior pituitary gland?
paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
What is the different between the portal venous system in the GIT and the pituitary gland?(2 points)
The portal system in the pituitary gland is composed of arteries and the portal system in the GIT is composed of veins.
What substances are secreted from the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex?
glucocorticoids, i.e., cortisol
What cell in the parathyroid gland synthesize and secerete parathyroid hormone?
chief cells
What type of epithelium lines thyroid follicles in an inactive follicle?
simple cuboidal
What are the functional units of the thyroid gland?
thyroid follicles
What type of epithelium line thyroid follicles in an active follicle?
simple columnar
thyroid follicles
AP: Anterior Pitutiary Gland
PP: Posterior Pituitary Gland
O: Optic Chiasm
The pitutiary gland sits in a structure within the skull referred to as what?
sella turcica
Where is the thyroid gland located?(3 points)
it is located in front of the upper part of the neck
What is the main difference between the pancreas gland and the partoid gland?(histological difference)
presence of Islets of Langerhan cells in the pancreas and lack of those cells in the parotid gland
What hormones regulate the hormone synthesized and released by the thyroid gland?
TSH
What type of cells are found in the pineal gland?
pinealocytes
What is the purpose of the septa in the thyroid gland and other endocrine organs?(3 points)
Septa convey a rich blood supply, **lymphatics ** and nerves
How do you differentiate the anterior and posterior pituitary gland during histological or gross examination?(consider bloodflow)
the anterior pitutiary gland is more vascularized than the posterior pituitary gland
Why is the pancreas considered to be a composite gland?(2 points)
The pancreas has exocrine secretions and endocrine secretions
What type of cell description in parathyroid gland: small with round central nuclei and pale eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm?
chief cells in parathyroid gland
Why is the adrenal gland considered to be a composite gland?(2 points)
The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex which secrete endocrines secretions but different type of substances are released from those locations.
What substances are secreted from the zona reticularis?
sex hormones
What are the type of cells that are stained when you observe the anterior pitutiary gland under high manification?(3 points, general staining names)
**Acidophils **which take up pink stain very well. Basophils which take up blue stain very well and **neutral cells **which don’t take up any type of stain very well.
What structures produces the hormones secreted by the posterior pitutiary gland?(2 points)
**supraoptic nucleus **and the paraventricular nucleus
What type of thyroid follicle is characterized by larger follicles lind by flattened cell containing large amouns of stored colloid?
less active tissue in the thyroid gland or less active thyroid follicle
What takes H&E stain better, the posterior pitutiary gland or the anterior pituitary gland?
anterior pituitary gland
What is the role of the blood supply to the adrenal gland when it comes to hormone release?
The blood supply is one element used to control what hormone is released from the adrenal gland
The thin fibrous capsule in the parathyroid gland divides the parenchyma into what?
nodules of secretory cells
Steroid secreting cells are found in what 3 locations in the body?(3 points)
Ovaries, testes and adrenal cortex
Thyroid follicles are responsible for the synthesis of what hormones?(2 points)
**triiodothyronin(T3) **and **tetraiodothyronine, **i.e., T4, thyroxine
What cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
parafollicular cells, i.e., clear cells
What hormone lowers calcium levels by inhibiting rate of decalcification by osteoblastic resorption and stimulating osteoblastic activity
calcitonin
What are the different layers of the adrenal cortex?(3 points)
Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, and **zona reticularis **
