Identity and personality

Question 1

what is freud’s theory of development, and what are the stages?

Answer 1

based on tensions caused by the libido, with failure at any stage causing fixation.

fixation: when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development, and forms a personality pattern based on that stage, which carries into adulthood.

Stages:
oral (0-1) adult with fixation; dependent.
anal (1-3) self control; potting training; adult with fixation; excessively orderly or sloppy
phallic (3-5) gender roles
latent (6-12) development of defense mechanisms
genital (12+) sexual maturity

Question 2

what is freud’s psychic apparatus? what are the components?

Answer 2

superego - morality
ego - rationality; balances superego and id
id - biological drives; composed of eros (libido/life instincts) and thanatos (destruction/death instincts)

Question 3

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Answer 3

• development is based on decisions we have to make about ourselves and our environment at each phase of life.
  stages:
  trust vs mistrust - comfort in environment (0-1)
  autonomy vs shame - self control (1-3)
  Initiative vs guilt - purpose and accomplishment (3-6)
  Industry vs inferiority - self confidence, can I make it in the world? (6-12)
  Identity vs role confusion - sense of unique self, who am i? who can i be? (12-20)
  intimacy vs isolation - whether you engage in intimate relationships (20-40)
  Generativity vs stagnation - contribution to society (40-65)
  Integrity vs despair - wisdom and satisfaction (65+)

Question 4

Kohlberg’s theory of development

Answer 4

based on moral reasoning - how we respond to moral dilemmas.
stages:
Preconventional morality: 1) obedience - focused on consequences of moral choices 2) self interest - focused on gaining rewards.
Conventional morality: understanding and accepting social rules. 1) conformity - approval 2) authority - maintaining social order
Postconventinal morality: based on social mores - may conflict with laws. social contract - morality that ensures the greater good of people. universal human ethics - based on abstract principles

Question 5

self-concept

Answer 5

sum of the ways we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future

Question 6

identities

Answer 6

individual components of our self-concept related to groups we belong in

Question 7

self-esteem

Answer 7

our evaluation of ourselves

Question 8

self-efficacy

Answer 8

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation

Question 9

locus of control

Answer 9

a self-evaluation that refer to the way we characterize the influences in our lives
can be internal or external

Question 10

Personality is the result of what in the psychoanalytic perspective?

Answer 10

unconscious urges and desires
Freud: id, superego, ego
Jung: collective unconscious, archetypes

Question 11

Personality is the result of what in the humanistic view?

Answer 11

internal feeling of healthy individuals as they fr happiness and self-realization
Maslow: hierarchy of needs
Rogers: unconditional positive regard

Question 12

PEN model + who created it

Answer 12

P - psychoticism; measure of nonconformity or social deviance
E - extraversion; measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
N - neuroticism; emotional arousal during stressful situations

via Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Question 13

What is the Big Five theory and what did it stem from?

Answer 13

stemmed from PEN theory
O - openness
C - conscientiousness
E - extraversion
A - agreeableness
N - neuroticism

Question 14

Allport’s three basic types of traits

Answer 14

cardinal: traits around which someone organizes their life
central: major characteristics of the personality
secondary: traits that are present in a person only in certain social situations or close groups