Identity and personality Flashcards
Someone who is androgynous has ___ levels of both masculine and feminine traits
High
How do ethnicity and nationality differ?
Ethnicity is the individuals personal association with a race or ethnic group
Nationality is based on borders and is not a chosen part of the identity
The two do not need to be related
______ is the name for situations that dictate which identity holds the most importance
Hierarchy of salience
This theory postulates we have three selves (the ought self, the actual self and the future self) and that discrepancies between these two selves leads to negative feelings
Self discrepancy theory
Psychosexual development:
Age: 0-1 year
Focus: the mouth and putting things in the mouth
Fixated adult: excessive dependency on others
Oral stage
Psychosexual development:
Age: 1-3 years
Focus: waste elimination/retention and toilet training
Fixated adult: Excessive cleanliness/sloppiness
Anal stage
(causes anal retentiveness in adults)
Psychosexual development:
Age: 3-5 years
Focus: identifying with the same sex parent in order to erase guilt. Establish sexual identity and gain moral reasoning
Fixated adult: Overly vain, exhibitionism and sexual aggression
Phallic stage
(Oedipus/electra conflict)
Psychosexual development:
Age: 5-until puberty
Focus: The libido is suppressed and no psychosexual development is made
Latency stage
Psychosexual development:
Age: From puberty-on
Focus: Healthy heterosexual relationships
Fixated adult: Fetishism, asexuality, homosexuality
Genital stage
Psychosocial development:
Age: 0-1 year
Good outcome: Learn trust is caregiver provides for their needs
Bad outcome: Mistrustful of others since care was not provided
Trust vs. mistrust
Psychosocial development:
Age: 1-3 years
Good outcome: learn control over the world and develop interests
Bad outcome: Self-doubt and external locus of control
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Psychosocial development:
Age: 3-6 years
Good outcome: Learn basic cause and effect, able to start and finish tasks for a purpose
Bad outcome: Fear of punishment, which leads to overcompensating or showing off, and undue restriction of actions
Initiative vs. guilt
Psychosocial development:
Age: 6-12 years
Good outcome: Learning about themselves, feelings of competency and comfort sharing intelligence
Bad outcome: Inadequacy and low self-esteem, inability to act competently
Industry vs. Inferiority
Psychosocial development:
Age: 12-20
Good outcome: Able to explore independence and societal role
Bad outcome: Identity confusion and shifting personality
Identity vs. role confusion
Psychosocial development:
Age: 20-40
Good outcome: Ability to create long-lasting bonds, commit to self and others goals, and form healthy, intimate relationships
Bad outcome: Withdrawal, superficial relationships, lack of commitment
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Psychosocial development:
Age: 40-65
Good outcome: Focused on contributing and advancing society
Bad outcome: Self-stagnation or lack of care for others
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Psychosocial development:
Age: 65- on
Good outcome: Reflection, wisdom and readiness for death
Bad outcome: Bitterness, feelings of a wasted life, fear of death
Integrity vs. Despair
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning:
Age: preadolescence
Emphasizes moral choice
Stage 1: Obedience (fear of punishment)
Stage 2: Self-interest (to gain rewards)
Preconventional
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning:
Age: Adolescence to adulthood
Emphasizes ability to see in terms of forming relationships with others
Stage 3: Conformity (seeking approval)
Stage 4: Law and order (social order is of the highest importance)
Conventional
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning:
Age: Adulthood
(Not always achieved)
Based on social mores that may conflict with laws
Stage 5: Social contract (moral rules ensure the greater good, reasoning is focused on individuals)
Stage 6: Universal human ethics (decisions are made for abstract principles)
Post-conventional
Vgotsky’s idea that children are in the process of learning, so they develop better by doing things with someone more knowledgable
Zone of proximal development
This theory allows you to think about how someone else’s mind works
Theory of mind
According to this personality theory, unconscious states motivate actions and personality
Psychoanalytic theory
Id, Ego and Superego
This portion controls the basic, primal instincts. It seeks immediate gratification
Id
Id, Ego and Superego
This portion is the ultimate perfectionist and has pride for accomplishments and guilt for failures
Superego
Id, Ego and Superego
This portion accounts for reality and acts as the mediator between the two extremes
Ego
Occurs when you suppress urges by unconsciously transforming them into the opposite. This would occur in Stockholm syndrome
Reaction formation
The term for turning unacceptable urges into acceptable ones
Sublimation
According to Carl Jung, the ___ is the conscious mind
Ego
According to Carl Jung, the unconscious mind is broken into these two categories:
The personal unconscious and the collective unconscious
Developed by Jung, this part of the unconscious mind is made up of shared experiences for all people
Collective unconscious
This archetype of personality is the one presented to the world
Persona
This archetype of personality is the “female” side, meaning it’s associated with traditionally female roles, and is suppressed in men
Anima
This archetype of personality is the “male” side, meaning it’s associated with traditionally male roles, and is suppressed in women
Animus
What are the three dichotomies of personality?
Extraversion vs introversion
Sensing vs inuiting
Thinking vs feeling
