Biology and behavior Flashcards
This type of neuron transmits sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord to the brain
Afferent
This type of neuron transmits motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Efferent
This type of neuron is found between other neurons and is able to activate the reflexes before the brain is even consciously aware there was a stimulus
Interneurons
This branch of the peripheral nervous system controls sensory and motor neurons in the skin and joints, and can be controlled consciously
Somatic (S for self controlled)
This branch of the peripheral nervous system controls automatic functions, heart rate, respiration, digestion and glandular secretions
Autonomic (automatically happens)
This subset of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the physiologically changes that indicate the fight or flight response
Sympathetic
This subset of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the rest and digestion state
Parasympathetic
The ___brain is responsible for controlling vital survival functions such as balance, breathing and motor coordination
Hind
The ___brain is responsible for receiving sensory and motor information from the rest of the body
Mid
The ___brain is responsible for the complex processes that have the greatest influence on emotion and behavior
Fore
This part of the hindbrain regulates vitals like breathing, heartrate and digestion
Medulla oblongata
This part of the hindbrain controls the motor pathways between the cortex and medulla
Pons
This past of the hindbrain controls posture, balance and body movement
Cerebellum
In the midbrain, the ____ colliculus controls visual sensory input while the ___ colliculus controls auditory sensory input
Inferior
Superior
This part of the forebrain houses the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system
Telencephalon
This part of the forebrain houses the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and pineal gland
Diencephalon
This part of the forebrain sorts and transmits all the sensory information except for smell
Thalamus
This part of the forebrain controls homeostasis function and emotional experience in high arousal states, as well as regulating some parts of the metabolism, endocrine function, temperature and water balance
Hypothalamus
This part of the hypothalamus is called the hunger center
Lateral hypothalamus
This part of the hypothalamus tells you when it’s time to stop eating
Ventromedial (satiety center)
This part of the hypothalamus controls sexual behavior, sleep and body temperature
Anterior
This gland projects from the hypothalamus and releases hypothalamic hormones. It can release hormones, but cannot make its own
Posterior pituitary
This gland in the forebrain secretes melatonin and is responsible for biological rythms
Pineal gland
The limbic system is located in the forebrain and is responsible for ____ and ____
Emotion and memory
The _____ are a group of structures that coordinate muscle movement from the cortex and relay information via the extrapyramidal system
Basal ganglia
This part of the limbic system is known as the pleasure center
Septal nuclei
This part of the limbic system controls defensive and aggressive behaviors
Amygdala
This part of the limbic system controls learning and memory, and helps consolidate things to LT memory
Hippocampus
This cortex connects to the frontal and parietal lobes and regulates impulse control and decision making
Anterior cingulate cortex
The ___ are the bumps and the ____ are the folds of the cerebral cortex
Gyri
Sulci
This lobe has two basic regions: the prefrontal that manages executive functions and the motor cortex that preforms rudimentary perceptual and motor tasks
Frontal lobe
This lobe is to the rear of the frontal lobe and contains the somatosensory cortex (the destination for all incoming signals). It also controls spatial orientation, and manipulation and application of spatial skills
Parietal
This lobe is at the bottom middle of the brain and contains the auditory cortex. It also controls some memory, emotion and language processing
Temporal lobe
This lobe is at the very rear of the brain and contains the visual cortex. It also controls some motor control and learning implications
Occipital
The dominant hemisphere is the one most heavily stimulated during ______ and is normally the left hemisphere
Language reception and production
This neurotransmitter transmits nerve impulses to muscle, but has also been implicated in attention and arousal
Acetylcholine
These neurotransmitter are catecholamines implicated in alert/wakefulness and fight or flight
Norepi and epinephrine
This catecholamine is implicated in smooth movement, so it’s found in large amounts in the basal ganglia
Dopamine
This monoamine regulates mood, eating, sleeping and dreaming
Serotonin
This neurotransmitter stabilizes neural activity and hyperpolarizes the post synaptic membrane
GABA
This neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron by increasing [Cl-]
Glycine
This neurotransmitter is excitatory
Glutamate
Endorphins are in a class of neuromodulators called ____ that take longer to work and are relatively slow
Peptides
This gland is located at the base of the brain near the hypothalamus and is in two parts:
Anterior can regulate and produce its own hormones while posterior is only able to regulate hormones
Pituitary
This gland is located at the top of the kidneys and comes in two parts:
Medulla releases the catecholamines while cortex produces the corticosteroids
Adrenal
_____ occurs when the mesoderm encourages the ectoderm to fold in on itself, creating a tube that then matures into the nervous system. This also produces crest cells that migrate and become the PNS
Neuralation
