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4th Semester > ICD & PACEMAKERS/ BRAIN TRAUMA > Flashcards

ICD & PACEMAKERS/ BRAIN TRAUMA Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ICD

A

Implantable cardioversion defibrillator

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2
Q

What does the ICD do

A

It is multi programmed to deliver cardioversion, pacing, or defibrillation

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3
Q

When is ICD used

A

In patients who are in at risk for sudden cardiac death due to VF and those who have experienced one or more episodes of VF or VT unrelated to a MI

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4
Q

When will the ICD kick into pace mode

A

If severe bradycardia occurs

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5
Q

What is a demand pacer

A

A demand pacemaker Is synchronized with the patients HR, Meaning that it fires only when the patients HR goes below a set point

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6
Q

What is a fixed rate pacer

A

Fixed rate pacing is a synchronized with the patients HR meaning that it fires continuously at a preset rate regardless of the patients intrinsic HR

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7
Q

What is TBI

A

A traumatic insult to the brain possibly producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes

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8
Q

What is blunt trauma to the head

A

The skull is closed ( not compromised) the dura remains intact, brain tissues are not exposed to the environment

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9
Q

What is open trauma

A

The injury breaks the dura and exposes the cranial contents to the environment

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10
Q

What is the hallmark sign of severe brain injury

A

Loss of consciousness for 6 hrs or more

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11
Q

What is a focal brain injury

A

An observable brain lesion
Cerebral edema. Coupe or counter coupe injury
The force of the impact causes contusions

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12
Q

What can contusions cause

A

Extradural ( epidural) hemmorhage or hematoma
Subdural hematomas
Intracerebral hematomas
Clinical manifestations of a contusion

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13
Q

What is the most common site for a extradural hematoma

A

The temporal fossa is the most common site of extradural hematoma caused by injury to the middle meninges artery or vein

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of a subdural hematoma

A

MVA

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of subdural hematomas

A
  1. Acute

3. Chronic

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16
Q

What is a acute subdural hematoma

A

Develops within 48 hrs

Often located at the top of the skull

17
Q

What is a chronic subdural hematoma

A

Develops over weeks to months
Older adults
Alcohol abuse
80% complain of chronic headaches and tenderness at the site of injury

18
Q

What is intracerebral hemmorhage

A

It is assoc with MVA and falls, resulting in intracerebral hemmorhage amd a resultant hematoma acting as an expanding mass
Increased ICP and compression of brain tissues with resultant edema

19
Q

What is DAI

A

Diffuse axonal injury

20
Q

What is a DAI

A

Shaking, acceleration/ deceleration, axonal damage ( shearing, tearing or stretching of nerve fibers)
A lot of nerves are damaged, the extent of injury isn’t seen on a MRI

21
Q

What does severity of DAIs correspond to

A

Severity corresponds to the amount of shearing force applied to the brain and brain stem ( mild, moderate, severe)

22
Q

What is a mild concussion

A

TEMPORARY axonal disturbances causing attention and memory deficits but no loss of consciousness

23
Q

What is level 1 of a mild concussion

A

Confusion
Disorientation
Amnesia

24
Q

What is level 2 of a mild concussion

A

Momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia

25
Q

What is stage 3 of a mild concussion

A

Confusion with retrograde and anterograde amnesia

26
Q

What are the most common sites for spinal cord injuries

A

Cervical 1,2,4-7

T1-L2

27
Q

What is spinal shock

A

Normal activity of the spinal cord ceases below the level of injury, the site lacks continuous nervous discharges from the brain
Complete loss of reflex function ( skeletal, bladder, bowel, sexual, thermal control, autonomic control)

28
Q

What is neurogenic shock

A

Develops from spinal cord trauma

It is loss of sympathetic outflow… ( vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia)

29
Q

What is autonomic dysreflexia

A

Massive uncompensated cardiovascular response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
Stimulation of the sensory receptors below the level of the cord lesion

30
Q

What is DDD

A

Degenerative disk disease…. Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis,
Low back pain
Herniated intervertebral disk

31
Q

Name 2 types of CVA’s

A

Thrombotic

Embolic

32
Q

What is a thrombotic stroke

A

Arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formed in arteries supplying the brain or intracranial vessels
TIA’s

33
Q

What is a embolic stroke

A

Fragments that break from a thrombus formed outside the brain

34
Q

What is a subarachnoid hemmorhage

A

Blood escapes from defective or injured vasculature into the subarachnoid space

35
Q

What are manifestations of a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Kernig sign

Brudziniski sign

4th Semester (18 decks)

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