I&P Number 1 Flashcards
Pavlov
Associative Learning - Classical Stimulus one leads to stimulus 2 Pavlov Dogs! UCS-UCR, then CS-->UCS-->UCR CS-->CR Issues: Tempral contiguity, contingency (stimulus must accurately predict response - confirmed by Rescorla), extinction, latent inhibition!
Bright noise water
Garcia and Koelling –> conditioning
Operant conditioning
Skinner
Shows that action leads to stimulus
Fundamental principles of Operant Condtioning
Association and Law of Effects
3 Types of reinforcers - primary (inherently reinforcing), secondary (become reinforcing), social (consequences of behaviour)
Types of punishment
Positive - aversive event e.g. slapping
Negative - removing a good thing
Extinction bursts
Occur when ignoring a baby to try and extinguish bed time crying - worse at first then crying decreases!
Stages of Gender
1) Prenatal hormones
2) Development of genitalia
3) Parents assign male/female and raise accordingly
4) Leads to gender identity
Two theories of gender identity
Social learning theory vs. Cognitive Development theory
Social Learning Theory
Rewards for masculine behaviour and punishment for feminine behaviour
Imitate other males –> leads to a gender identity
Cognitive Development Theory
Male gender identity leads to masculine behaviour
Concept of gender
Gender identity - established 2-3 years
Gender stability - established at 4 years
Gender constancy - established at 5 years
Shaping of gender roles
family, peers, school, media
Preference for same sex playmates from the age of 3
Differences in gender and congitive abilities
Differences only in verbal, spatial and maths ability
Boys are better at maths!
Also differences in throwing, sexuality and physical aggression from the gender similarities hypothesis
Gender differences in psychological health
High depression and eating disorders in women
High substance dependency in men
But is this social or biological origin?
Piaget’s Stage Theory
Describes Child Development
1) Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
2) Pre-operational (2-7 years)
3) Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
4) Formal Operational (11+ years)
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth - 2 years
Recognise self as agent of action
Object permanence begins at about 8 months!
Pre-operational
2-7 years
Centration - think about one idea at a time to the exclusion of others
Egocentrism - can’t take others perspective e.g. the 3 mountain problem
Concrete Operational
7-11 Years
Start to think in a logical manner
Can only deal with objects and events which are real or imaginable
Formal Operational
11+
Basis of adult thinking
Can consider alternatives & plan ahead etc.
Measures of Intelligence
IQ = Mental age/Chronological age x 100
WAIS - Gives an overall verbal and performance score!
Phrenology
Concept that the brain is divided into sections that have localised or specific functions!
Commissurotomy
Split brain patients! Can draw two objects at the same time! Contra-lateral rule –> if word is projected into a hemisphere not containing verbal skills they can’t say it
Left hemisphere
Complex language, logical and maths
Right hemisphere
Simple language, spatial and pattern abilities, emotional recognition!
Secure attachment
Need a positive internal working model and emotional regulation ability!
Failure to make secure attachment impacts adult relationships, psychological health and well-being
Theory of attachment
John Bowlby
Stages of Attachment
1) Pre-attachment - 0-2 months, doesn’t distinguish between primary caregiver and others, also mirrors expressions
2) Attachment in the making - 2-7 months, begins to vocalise and demand attention
3) Clear-cut attachment - 7-24 months, babies are mobile and know what they want
4) Goal corrected partnership - 24 months
Landmark events in development
Stranger anxiety - 10 months
Seperation Distress - 12 months
Types of attachment/Measuring Attachment
Ainsworth ‘Strange Situation’ measures attachment
Secure - stays close to mum, greets positive on return
Insecure (avoidant) - avoids contact with mum on return, okay with stranger
Insecure (resistant) - distressed when mum leaves, difficult to console on return
Disorganised - mixture of all , common in parents with depression
Clinical variations in attachment
2/3 secure
In Japan however 1/3 insecure resistant (v. high)
Those with parents with a psychological challenge are much more likely to be insecure
