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Microbiology Flashcards > I - Generalities > Flashcards

I - Generalities Flashcards

1
Q

Live in extremes of environment, not physiologic to humans, not pathogenic in humans (won’t survive)

A

Archaebacteria

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2
Q

Arcahebacteria that withstand temps >100C, whose enzymes are stable at such extreme temps

A

Hyperthermophiles

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3
Q

Enzyme used in PCR derived from Thermus acquaticus

A

Taq

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4
Q

Archaebacteria that live in extremes of pH, ie acidic

A

Hyperacidophiles

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5
Q

Archaebacteria that live in extremely salty conditions, can withstand osmotic pressure

A

Halophiles

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6
Q

Archaebacteria that produce methane

A

Methanogens

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7
Q

Ribosome size for prokaryotes

A

70S (50S+30S)

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8
Q

Ribosome size for eukaryotes

A

80S (60S+40S)

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9
Q

Theory which explains presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts (cyanobacterium) in animal and plant cells, respectively

A

Endosymbiont Theory

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10
Q

Model organism, prokaryotes

A

E. coli

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11
Q

Model organism, fungus

A

Saccharomyces cervevisae

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12
Q

Model organism, plant

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

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13
Q

Model organism, nematodes

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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14
Q

Finite and determined number of cellular divisions in this organism makes it a good subject for study of aging

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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15
Q

Model organism, genetics, stem cell

A

Drosophilia melanogaster

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16
Q

Model organism, mammals

A

Mus muluscus

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17
Q

Cell wall, plants

A

cellulose

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18
Q

Cell wall, fungi

A

chitin

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19
Q

Cell wall, diatoms

A

silica

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20
Q

Cell wall, bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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21
Q

Cell wall, animals

A

none

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22
Q

Cell wall, anaerobes

A

Pseudopeptidoglycan

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23
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites of plants

A

Viroids

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24
Q

Mobile genetic elements that cause genetic mutations in genes into which they insert, code for drug-resistant enzymes, toxins; “jumping genes”

A

Transposons

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25
Q

Transposon transposition, forms new copy followed by DNA replication

A

Replicative transposition

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26
Q

Transposon transposition, DNA excised from site without replication

A

Direct transposition

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27
Q

Abnormal isoforms of PrPc protein, modify folding of normal prion-like proteins and has high beta-sheath content, insoluble to detergent, resistant to protease

A

Prions (PrPres/PrPsc)

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28
Q

Morphologic apperance of prion diseases in the brain

A

Spongiform encephalopathy

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29
Q

Human prion disease, characterized by dementia, involvement of cerebellym, brainstem, spinal cord, manifesting as myoclonus, extrapyramidal signs, cereballar signs

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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30
Q

Immotile microorganisms (Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa)

A

Virus, Fungi

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31
Q

Replication, virus

A

Intracellular host

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32
Q

Replication, bacteria

A

Binary fission

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33
Q

Replication, fungi

A

Budding, mitosis

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34
Q

Replication, protozoa

A

Mitosis

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35
Q

Pathogenesis of human prion disease

A

Insoluble PrPsc produces aggregates that kill the cell due to its beta-conformation, versus PrPc which has a soluble conformation

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36
Q

3 bacterial shapes

A

cocci, bacilli, spirochetes

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37
Q

3 arrangements of cocci

A

diplo, strepto, staph

38
Q

Smallest bacteria, no peptidoglycan; instead, sterols

A

Mycoplasma spp.

39
Q

Largest bacteria, overall

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

40
Q

Largest baceria, medically important

A

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

41
Q

Site of action of penicillins on peptidoglycans

A

Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP)

42
Q

Enzyme, cleaves glycan backbone on peptidoglycans (B 1–>4)

43
Q

Proteins, facilitate passage of hydorphilic molecules into cells,

44
Q

Lipid unique to G(+)

A

Teichoic acid

45
Q

Unique to G(-)

A

Lipopolysacchardie, endotoxin

46
Q

Only G(+) with endotoxin

A

Listeria monocytogenes

47
Q

Mechanism of inflammation in G(-)

A

IL-1 and TNF induced by Lipid A and OO antigen in endotoxin layer

48
Q

Gram staining, steps

A

Primary stain, Mordant, Decolorize, Secondary Stain

49
Q

Gram staining, dyes

A

V-I-A-S; Crystal Violet, Iodine, Acetone, Safranin

50
Q

G(+) color

51
Q

G(-) color

52
Q

Mycobacteriae stain

A

Acid-fast stain

53
Q

Spirochete/Treponema stain

A

Darkfield Microscopy

54
Q

Mycoplasma stain

A

None, serology (no peptidoglycan layer)

55
Q

Legionella stain

A

Silver stain, G(-) with poor red uptake

56
Q

Chlamydiae stain

A

None, inclusion bodies (intracellular)

57
Q

Rickettsiae stain

A

Giemsa/tissue stain (intracellular)

58
Q

2 intracellular bacteria

A

Chlamydia, Rickettsiae

59
Q

Bacteria not seen in gram stain

A

Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycobacteriae, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia

60
Q

Essential structural component in bacteria; invagination of plasma membrane

61
Q

Essential structural component in bacteria; includes B-lactamases

A

Periplasm/ periplasmic space

62
Q

Mediates adherence of bacteria to surfaces

A

glycocalyx

63
Q

Non-essential structural component of bacteria; resistant to heat and chemicals, coated in keratinlike coat, dipicolinic acid; protects genetic material, reactivated upon favorable conditions

64
Q

Codes for genes for antibiotic resistance / virulence factors, non-essential, dsDNA, extrachromosomal

65
Q

All bacterial capsules composed of polysaccharide except

A

Bacillus anthracis (polypeptide of D-glutamate)

66
Q

Flagella movement in eukaryotes

A

Wave/whip-like

67
Q

Flagella movement in prokaryotes

68
Q

Transmissible plasmids transfer DNA via

A

Conjugation, sex pilus, includes enzymes and genes for pilus

69
Q

4 Stages of bacterial growth

A

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

70
Q

B-lactams act on which bacetrial growth phase

71
Q

Bacterial antioxidants

A

Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase

72
Q

Antioxidant, produces H2O2 and O2

A

Superoxide dismutase

73
Q

Antioxidant, produces water and O2

74
Q

Antioxidant, produces water only

A

Peroxidase

75
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Nocardia, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Mycobacteria, Bacillus cereus, Bordetella, Brucella, Legionella, Leptospira

76
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Helicobacter, Spirochetes (Borrelia, Treponema) Campylobacter, Streptococcus

77
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium, Listeria, E.coli, Non-pneumonia Mycoplasma

78
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus vaginalis

79
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

80
Q

Movement of gene from a silent non-coding site, to an active site where transcription occurs

A

Programmed Rearrangement

81
Q

End effect of programmed rearrangement

A

Antigenic variation, evade inflammation

82
Q

DNA transfer via pilus

A

Conjugation

83
Q

DNA transfer via phage

A

Transduction

84
Q

DNA transfer via uptake by cell

A

Transformation

85
Q

Two cycles of transduction

A

Lytic, Lysogenic

86
Q

Process by which normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding and causing disease

A

Colonization resistance

87
Q

Normal flora, skin

A

Staph. Epidermidis

88
Q

Normal flora, nose

A

Staph. Aureus

89
Q

Normal flora, mouth

A

Viridans streptococcus

90
Q

Normal flora, plaque

A

Streptococcus mutans

91
Q

Normal flora, colon

A

Bacteroides, E.coli

92
Q

Normal flora, vagina

A

Lactobacillus vaginalis, E.coli, Strep. Agalactiae

Microbiology Flashcards (11 decks)

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