I - Generalities Flashcards by Nico Rogelio

Live in extremes of environment, not physiologic to humans, not pathogenic in humans (won’t survive)

Archaebacteria

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Arcahebacteria that withstand temps >100C, whose enzymes are stable at such extreme temps

Hyperthermophiles

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Enzyme used in PCR derived from Thermus acquaticus

Taq

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Archaebacteria that live in extremes of pH, ie acidic

Hyperacidophiles

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Archaebacteria that live in extremely salty conditions, can withstand osmotic pressure

Halophiles

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Archaebacteria that produce methane

Methanogens

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Ribosome size for prokaryotes

70S (50S+30S)

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Ribosome size for eukaryotes

80S (60S+40S)

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Theory which explains presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts (cyanobacterium) in animal and plant cells, respectively

Endosymbiont Theory

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Model organism, prokaryotes

E. coli

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Model organism, fungus

Saccharomyces cervevisae

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Model organism, plant

Arabidopsis thaliana

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Model organism, nematodes

Caenorhabditis elegans

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Finite and determined number of cellular divisions in this organism makes it a good subject for study of aging

Caenorhabditis elegans

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Model organism, genetics, stem cell

Drosophilia melanogaster

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Model organism, mammals

Mus muluscus

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Cell wall, plants

cellulose

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Cell wall, fungi

chitin

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Cell wall, diatoms

silica

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Cell wall, bacteria

peptidoglycan

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Cell wall, animals

none

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Cell wall, anaerobes

Pseudopeptidoglycan

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Obligate intracellular parasites of plants

Viroids

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Mobile genetic elements that cause genetic mutations in genes into which they insert, code for drug-resistant enzymes, toxins; “jumping genes”

Transposons

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Transposon transposition, forms new copy followed by DNA replication

Replicative transposition

Transposon transposition, DNA excised from site without replication

Direct transposition

Abnormal isoforms of PrPc protein, modify folding of normal prion-like proteins and has high beta-sheath content, insoluble to detergent, resistant to protease

Prions (PrPres/PrPsc)

Morphologic apperance of prion diseases in the brain

Spongiform encephalopathy

Human prion disease, characterized by dementia, involvement of cerebellym, brainstem, spinal cord, manifesting as myoclonus, extrapyramidal signs, cereballar signs

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Immotile microorganisms (Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa)

Virus, Fungi

Replication, virus

Intracellular host

Replication, bacteria

Binary fission

Replication, fungi

Budding, mitosis

Replication, protozoa

Mitosis

Pathogenesis of human prion disease

Insoluble PrPsc produces aggregates that kill the cell due to its beta-conformation, versus PrPc which has a soluble conformation

3 bacterial shapes

cocci, bacilli, spirochetes

3 arrangements of cocci

diplo, strepto, staph

Smallest bacteria, no peptidoglycan; instead, sterols

Mycoplasma spp.

Largest bacteria, overall

Thiomargarita namibiensis

Largest baceria, medically important

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Site of action of penicillins on peptidoglycans

Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP)

Enzyme, cleaves glycan backbone on peptidoglycans (B 1-->4)

Lysozyme

Proteins, facilitate passage of hydorphilic molecules into cells,

Porin

Lipid unique to G(+)

Teichoic acid

Unique to G(-)

Lipopolysacchardie, endotoxin

Only G(+) with endotoxin

Listeria monocytogenes

Mechanism of inflammation in G(-)

IL-1 and TNF induced by Lipid A and OO antigen in endotoxin layer

Gram staining, steps

Primary stain, Mordant, Decolorize, Secondary Stain

Gram staining, dyes

V-I-A-S; Crystal Violet, Iodine, Acetone, Safranin

G(+) color

purple

G(-) color

red

Mycobacteriae stain

Acid-fast stain

Spirochete/Treponema stain

Darkfield Microscopy

Mycoplasma stain

None, serology (no peptidoglycan layer)

Legionella stain

Silver stain, G(-) with poor red uptake

Chlamydiae stain

None, inclusion bodies (intracellular)

Rickettsiae stain

Giemsa/tissue stain (intracellular)

2 intracellular bacteria

Chlamydia, Rickettsiae

Bacteria not seen in gram stain

Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycobacteriae, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia

Essential structural component in bacteria; invagination of plasma membrane

Mesosome

Essential structural component in bacteria; includes B-lactamases

Periplasm/ periplasmic space

Mediates adherence of bacteria to surfaces

glycocalyx

Non-essential structural component of bacteria; resistant to heat and chemicals, coated in keratinlike coat, dipicolinic acid; protects genetic material, reactivated upon favorable conditions

Spore

Codes for genes for antibiotic resistance / virulence factors, non-essential, dsDNA, extrachromosomal

Plasmid

All bacterial capsules composed of polysaccharide except

Bacillus anthracis (polypeptide of D-glutamate)

Flagella movement in eukaryotes

Wave/whip-like

Flagella movement in prokaryotes

Rotatory

Transmissible plasmids transfer DNA via

Conjugation, sex pilus, includes enzymes and genes for pilus

4 Stages of bacterial growth

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

B-lactams act on which bacetrial growth phase

Log

Bacterial antioxidants

Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase

Antioxidant, produces H2O2 and O2

Superoxide dismutase

Antioxidant, produces water and O2

Catalase

Antioxidant, produces water only

Peroxidase

Obligate aerobes

Nocardia, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Mycobacteria, Bacillus cereus, Bordetella, Brucella, Legionella, Leptospira

Microaerophiles

Helicobacter, Spirochetes (Borrelia, Treponema) Campylobacter, Streptococcus

Facultative Anaerobes

Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium, Listeria, E.coli, Non-pneumonia Mycoplasma

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus vaginalis

Obligate anaerobes

Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

Movement of gene from a silent non-coding site, to an active site where transcription occurs

Programmed Rearrangement

End effect of programmed rearrangement

Antigenic variation, evade inflammation

DNA transfer via pilus

Conjugation

DNA transfer via phage

Transduction

DNA transfer via uptake by cell

Transformation

Two cycles of transduction

Lytic, Lysogenic

Process by which normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding and causing disease

Colonization resistance

Normal flora, skin

Staph. Epidermidis

Normal flora, nose

Staph. Aureus

Normal flora, mouth

Viridans streptococcus

Normal flora, plaque

Streptococcus mutans

Normal flora, colon

Bacteroides, E.coli

Normal flora, vagina

Lactobacillus vaginalis, E.coli, Strep. Agalactiae