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Neuroendocrine Test Three > Hypothalamic Pituitary Relationships & Biofeedback Pt.1 Dr. Creamer > Flashcards

Hypothalamic Pituitary Relationships & Biofeedback Pt.1 Dr. Creamer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physical connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland>

A

Hypophyseal stalk

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2
Q

Why do tumors in pituitary gland affect sight?

A

Close relationship to the optic nerves tumors can expand and compress them

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3
Q

How do hormones get from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Travel down the axons from the hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary to be stored
  • Supraoptic nuclei releases ADH
  • PVN releases oxytocin
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4
Q

How do hormones get from hypothalamsu to the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic neurons produce releasing or releasing inhibiting hormones and release them into the portal

  • Pituitary is connected to hypothalamus by hypothalamic hypophysial portal system
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5
Q

What is the ACTH family?

A

Corticotrophs which produce ACTH

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6
Q

TSH FSH LH family?

A
  • Thyrotrophs secrete TSH
  • Gonadotrophs secrete FSH and LH
  • Alpha subunit of these are shared but differ in beta subunit
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7
Q

What is the GH prolactin family?

A
  • Peptide hormones
  • Somatotrophs produce GH
  • Lactotrophs produce prolactin
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8
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • GH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • Prolactin
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9
Q

What hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus, what cell do they target and what is effect?

A
  • TRH targets thyrotrophs in AP to release TSH
  • CRF targets corticotrophs to release ACTH
  • GnRH targets gonadotrophs to release LH FSH
  • GHRH targets somatotrophs to release GH
  • GHIH(Somatostatin) targets somatotrophs to decrease GH
  • PIF (Dopamine) targets lactotrophs to decrease PRL
  • TRH targets lactotrophs when elevated to release PRL
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10
Q

What hormone inhibits growth hormone secretion and prolactin?

A
  • Somatostatin for GH
  • Dopamine for prolactin
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11
Q

Describe primary secondary and tertiary endocrine disorders.

A
  • Primary: defects in the peripheral gland
  • Secondary: defects in the pituitary releasing hormones
  • Tertiary: defects in the hypothalamus stimulating release of stimulating hormone
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12
Q

Describe the axis for GnRH in testes.

A
  • GnRH released in a pulsatory fashion from the hypothalamus to the ant. pit.
  • LH FSH are released (Tropic hm released to periphery)
    • LH goes to Leydig cell to stimulate testosterone release which works on Sertoli cells
    • FSH targets Sertoli cells to make angrogen binding protein and influences spermatogenesis
  • Sertoli cell produces inhibin which negatively feeds back to the pituitary to decrease FSH secretion
  • Testosterone negatively feeds back to decrease LH and GnRH
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13
Q

Describe HPG axis in ovaries.

A
  • GnRH released pulsatile from hypotlalamus to pituitary
  • Pit releases LH and FSH
    • FSH to granulosa cells and cause synthesis of estrogens which allows for follicle dev
      • Granulosa cell produces inhibin which acts son pituitary to decrease FSH
      • Also produces Progestins and estrogens which inhibit FSH and LH as well as the hypothalamus release of GnRH
    • LH to Theca cells which produces androgens
    • Androgens go to Granulosa cell for conversion to estrogens
    • Midcycle estrogen production is upregulated and becomes positive feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary allwong for oocyte to mature and produce LH surge (ovulation)
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14
Q

What is Acromegaly?

A
  • excess growth of soft tissues and cartilage in hands and feet
  • due to excessive GH which can decrease tissues sensitivity to insulin producing hyperinsulemia
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15
Q

What are the direct targets of GH and how is it regulated?

A
  • Liver and bone are direct targets and respond via Jak-STAT pathway which causes release of IGF-1
  • IGF-1 negative fb on hypo and pit to decrease GH release2
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16
Q

How does GH secretion change daily?

A

Secretion flucuates thorughout the day

  • peaks during sleep and exercise
17
Q

What acute physiological conditions can stimulates GH release?

A
  • Fasting/hunger/starving
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hm of pberty
  • exercise
  • sleep
  • stress
18
Q

If there is excess of GH prior to closure of epiphyses what occurs?

A
  • Gigantism
19
Q

If GH is secreted in excess after epiphyseal plate closure what results?

A

Acromegaly

20
Q

If there is excess systemic GH what could be happening?

A

Growth hm insensitivity at the liver, a primary endocrine disorder

  • Liver is unresponsive to GH so IGF-1 isn’t produced which is one of the negative FB mechanisms to decrease GH secretion
21
Q

What would a secondary endocrine deficiency of GH look like?

A
  • Low levels of GH and IGF-1
  • Pituitary isn’t releasing GH so IGF-1 isn’t being produced
22
Q

What does a tertiary deficiency of GHRH look like?

A
  • No GHRH so no GH therefore no IGF-1
23
Q

If you are in a fed state (high blood sugar, high amino acids) what will the liver do in response to GH?

A

Respond to GH by producing IGF-1 to do Lypolysis Mitogenesis and differentiation

24
Q

If you are in unfavorable growth conditions such as adaquate insulin and blood sugar levels, but low protein intake, what will the liver do in response to GH?

A
  • GH is sinhibited and liver does not produce IGF-1
  • Lipogenesis and carb storage occurs
25
Q

What happens if you have low carbs and high protein intake in regards to liver and GH?

A
  • Metabolism shifts to use lipids as energy source
  • GH levels increase and IGF-1 is produced
  • Lipolysis, Ketogenic metabolism, and diabetogenic occurs
    • this can promote insulin insensitivity
26
Q

How is prolactin inhibitetd?

A

Dopamine and it is the main stimulation for it unless breast feeding

27
Q

Why can breast feeding women have lactational amonerrhea?

A
  • Prolactin negatively feeds back on hypothalamus to cause a decrease in GnRH which will decrease FSH and LH from ant. pit
    • alters follicular cyle
28
Q

How is prolactin produced and where?

A
  • Produced in cell body of neurons in the hypothalamus as Prepro-oxyphysin
  • Pre-pro protein is cleaved and packed in vesicles and travel down axon
  • modification into pro hormone occurs in vesicles and then to mature oxytocin
  • Reaches posterior pituitary stored in vesicles until released to act on breast and uterine tissues
29
Q

Actions of Oxytocin?

A
  • Milk ejection
    • milk letdown stimulates myoepithelial cell contraction
    • stimulated by suckling sight sound or smell of infant
  • Uterine contractions
    • stimulates by dilation of cervix or orgasm
    • stimulating contractions creating a positive FB loop

Neuroendocrine Test Three (19 decks)

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