Higher Cognition Dr. Karius

Question 1

Components of Cognition

Answer 1

Language Social cognition Decision making Executive functioning Memory Visuospatial perception

Question 2

What is the language implementation system for speaking?

Answer 2

Wernickes, Arcuate fasciculus and brocas, and facial area of motor cortex

Question 3

What surrounds the language implementation system?

Answer 3

Mediational system for language to relay info to language implementation system

Question 4

What is the conceptual system?

Answer 4

Distributed set of structures that provides concepts underlying language. Such as the noun mediation area are getting input from ventral visual path and gives names of things

Question 5

What does it mean to be “language universalists”?

Answer 5

recognize all sounds that might be language as distinct sounds. This is seen in babies younger than six months

Question 6

How do babies brains change between 6-9 months with regards to language?

Answer 6

they recognize specific language sounds of their native language. Babies “drop” the use of phenomes that don’t happen in their language.

Question 7

When a language is learned after the acquisition phase what does it activate?

Answer 7

Adjacent region of Broca’s

Question 8

Four components to language path?

Answer 8

Conceptual pathway Mediational path Language implementation Speech

Question 9

Neural circuits for recognizing emotion in others is also involved in___.

Answer 9

Producing that same emotion in ourself

Question 10

What makes up the triangle we use to see emotion?

Answer 10

• Eyes
• Nose
• Mouth

Question 11

What controls use of eyes and directs gaze to the triangle of the face?

Answer 11

Amygdala

Question 12

If a person has amygdala damage how do they look at faces?

Answer 12

They spend very little time looking at the eyes and triangle of face and doesn’t methodically scan the face

Question 13

What is the mirror neuron system?

Answer 13

• Fire when you do something and when you see someone else do the same thing
  
  • Smile at someone and they smile back

Question 14

How does the imitation of others motions occur?

Answer 14

1. Ventral visual pathway provides visual input
2. Posterior mirror neuron system IDs motor actions
3. Anterior mirror neuron system IDs goal of the action

Question 15

What does the circuit for imitative behavior interact with?

Answer 15

Limbic structures via the insula

Question 16

What does the core path in theory of mind requrie?

Answer 16

Amygdala and connections to medial temporal lobes sand orbitofrontal areas

Question 17

Describe the steps for emotion comprehension.

Answer 17

1. Perception of prosody via primary auditory cortex to process characteristics of sound
2. Information sent to right posterior superior temporal sulcus with other acoustical info from secondary processees we can piece together the meaning of the loudness pitch etc of sound
3. Judgement of emotional stimulus is determined in frontal cortex

Question 18

What is theory of mind?

Answer 18

Ability to understand mental states of others and recognize how they differ from ours

Question 19

What is likely requried for theory of mind to exist?

Answer 19

Emotion comprehension

Question 20

What areas reconize facial expressionis and faces?

Answer 20

Supeior temporal sulcus and Fusiform Gyrus

Question 21

What system evaluates evidence available in making decisions?

Answer 21

Stimulus encoding system of orbitofrontal cortex ventromedial prefrontal cortex and striatum

Question 22

What does the anterior cingulate cortex system do?

Answer 22

Learns and encodes subjective value of the result of decision. Also involved in error detection.

Question 23

What system predicts expected reward?

Answer 23

• Basal ganglia
• amygdala
• insular cortex: processing social emotions
• Intraparietal cortex: somatosensory processing & planning and intent

Question 24

With a decision where risks are known what system is relied on the most?

Answer 24

Stimulus encoding system

Question 25

If there is an unknown risk, what system does the decision making rely on most?

Answer 25

Expected reward system and then the action selection system

Question 26

Action selection system?

Answer 26

• Decisions with ambiguous risks
• Anterior cingulate cortex
• Learning from mistakes

Question 27

Componenets of the expected reward system?

Answer 27

• Amygdala
• Basal ganglia
• Insular cortex
• Intraparietal cortex

Question 28

Stimulus encoding system?

Answer 28

Predicts consequences of actions

• Orbitofrontal cortex
• Ventromedial frontal cortex
• Striatum