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Neuroendocrine Test Three > Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems Dr. Dennis > Flashcards

Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems Dr. Dennis Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus and what is its relationship to the third ventricle?

A

Inferior to thte thalamus forms walls and floors of third ventricle

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2
Q

Where are the mammillary bodies located?

A

posterior part of hypothalamus and are adjacent to cerebral peduncles

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3
Q

Where is the Tuber Cinereum?

A

Small swelling between mammillary bodies and optic chiasm and tract

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4
Q

Where is the median eminence?

A

arisses from tuber cinereum and narrows into infundibulum attaches to pituitary gland

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5
Q

What is the lateral zone of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Carries two way traffic through hypothalamus rostrally towards forebrain and caudally to brainstem
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6
Q

What is found in the medial zone of hypothalamus

A
  • Conrtains majority of hypothalamic nuclei
  • Has three fxnl areas:
    • Anterior area
    • Middle area
    • Posterior area
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7
Q

What is the anterior area?

A
  • Within medial zone
  • Superior to optic chiasm
  • contains pre optic suprachiasmatic supraoptic paraventricular and anterior nuclei
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8
Q

Middle area?

A
  • Within Medial zone
  • Superior to and including tuber cinereum
  • contains dorsomedial ventromedial and arcuate nuclei
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9
Q

Posterior area

A
  • Within medial zone
  • Superior to and including mammillary bodies
  • contains posterior nucleus and mammillary bodies
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10
Q

Describe the lateral nucleus

A
  • Contains median forebrain bundle that carries info to and from hypothalamus
  • Within the lateral zone
  • Damage to this area results in decrease in feeding behavior with weight loss
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11
Q

Supraoptic & Paraventricular nuclei?

A
  • Contain oxytocin (PVN) and ADH (SON)
  • Lesionis can result in diabetes insipidus
  • Within the anterior area of the medial zone of hypothalamus
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12
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A
  • Receives retinal input and involved in circadian trhythms
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13
Q

Anterior nucleus

A
  • Range of visceral somatic functions, temp regulation
  • Within the anterior area of medial zone
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14
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A
  • Satiety center
  • Lesions causae excessive eating and weight gain
  • Middle tuberal area of hypothalamus
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15
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus

A
  • Emotional behavior, stimulation causes rage
  • Destruction results in decreased aggression and feeding
  • Middle tuberal area of hypothalamus
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16
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A
  • Secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones
  • Middle tuberal area of hypothalamus
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17
Q

Medial mammillary nucleus

A
  • Part of posterior area
  • Afferents from hippocampus via fornix
  • Efferents to the thalamus and brainstem
  • Lesions result in inability to process short term events into long term memories
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18
Q

What is the blood supply to hypothalamus?

A
  • Anteromedial group from A1 and anterior communicating to preoptic area supraoptic nuclei and rostral part of lateral hypothalamus
  • Posteromedial group perforating arteries from PoCoA and PCA P1
    • Rostral portion of PoCoA tuberal region
    • Caudal parts of PoCoA mammillary region
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19
Q

What does the fornix do?

A

Hippocampal fibers relaying afferents to the mammillary bodies

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20
Q

What does the stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal fibers do?

A

Afferent fibers from amygdala to hypothalamus

21
Q

What is corticohypothalamic input?

A
  • Afferents from orbitofrontal and cingulate areas, multiple assoc. areas and frontal lobe to lateral zone
22
Q

Where do Retinohypothalamic fibers go?

A

Afferents that Target SCN

23
Q

What is median forebrain bundle and Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?

A
  • Relay two way information to and from the hypothalamus
  • Efferent
24
Q

What are the efferents descending to PAG and RF?

A
  • Hypothalamomedullary fibers
  • Hypothalamospinal fibers
  • Medial zone and mammillary bodies
  • Enables hypothalamus to influence emotion aspects of behavior
25
Q

What are the ascending routes of the efferents in hypothalamus? (4)

A
  • Hypothalamocortical fibers ascend to forebrain target frontal lobe
  • Mammillothalamic tract projects to anterior nucleus of thalamus
  • Lateral zone projects to DM nucleus of thalamus
  • Thalamic nuclei send projections to frontal lobe
26
Q

What is the supraopticohypophysial tract?

A
  • Made of axons of neurons in supraoptic nucleus and Paraventricular nucleus
  • Produces oxytocin and ADH to be released by Post Pit.
  • Stored in herring bodies and released into the capillary plexus of posterior pituitary
27
Q

What is the tuberoinfundibular tract?

A
  • Input from neurons located in periventricular zone, PVN
  • Conveys releasing hormones to median eminence and infundibulum
28
Q

How is the anterior area of the hypothalamus relate to ANS?

A
  • Activates Parasympathetic activity
  • Efferents to the brainstem parasympathetic neurons from CN III VII IX X and spinal S2-4
29
Q

How does the posterior area of the hypothalamus relate to ANS?

A
  • Activates sympathetic activity
  • Efferents to sympathetic neurons in lateral horn of T1-L2
  • Lesions in anterolateral medulla disrupt hypothalamomedullary fibers so the sympathetic output to the face and head or body resulting in hroners syndrome
30
Q

What is the significance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A
  • Receives direct input from the retina to mediate circadian rhythms
  • This coveys circadian info to other hypothalamic regions for sleep and wake cycles
  • SCN activity opposes drive for sleep
31
Q

In general what does the limbic system include and what does it do?

A
  • Includes subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, hippocampal formation and subcortical nuclei
  • between hypothalamus and neocortex
  • Connections influence behavior, memory and pain perception
32
Q

What is the hippocampal formation?

A
  • Curved sheet of cortex for learning and memory folded into the medial part of temp lobe
  • Made of Subiculum, Hippocampus propper, and Dentate nucleus
33
Q

What is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A
  • Cortex overlying the hippocampal formationi anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus is called the entorhinal cortex
34
Q

What is the afferent pathway of the hippocampal formation?

A
  • Dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1 to the Subculum
35
Q

What is the hippocampal formation efferent pathway?

A
  • Fibers from cell bodies in the subiculum (CA2) and hippocampus proper (CA1) bundle into fibria making the fornix
  • This terminates in the medial mammillary nucleus ventromedial nucleus and anterior nucleus
36
Q

What is an Uncal Herniation and signs?

A
  • Movement of the unus and potential the parahippocampal gyrus down over the tentorium cerebelli
    • can compress midbrain and can damage lower brainstem if not caught
    • Dialated pupil, abnormal eye movements, diplopia, weakness due to CST involvement, respiration eventually can be affected as well as abnormal reflexes
    • eventual decline if not caught
37
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A
  • Progressive degeneration of mammillary bodies hippocampal complex and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
  • This impedes retention of new memories to create long term memories
  • Difficulty constructing meaningful statements and confabulation occurs
  • caused by thiamine deficiency caused by chronic alcoholism
38
Q

What is hippocampal amnesia?

A
  • Bilateral lesions of hippocampus
  • Profound deficit in anterograde episodic memory cant learn new material combined with spared procedural and working memory
  • IQ and formal reasoning are normal
39
Q

What is Anosmia?

A
  • Loss sof smell due to viral infection of olfactory mucosa obstruction of nasal passage or possibly congenital
  • If lesion shearing CN1 or tumors in floor of anterior cranial fossa patients do not recover smell
40
Q

Phantosomia?

A
  • Olfactory hallucination
  • distortion in smell or perception of it when none is present
  • abnormal sequence of neuronal activity due to lesion of anterior medial temporal lobe hippocampus amygdala or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei
41
Q

What is the amygdala?

A
  • Attaches emotional significance to a stimulus
  • Regulates visceral responses to emotional stimuli and pain
  • emotional responses to food pleasant smells stimulate appetite and unpleasant smells suppreses appetite
42
Q

What are the afferents of the amygdala?

A
  • Sensory info from raphe nuclei, PAG, dorsal motor nucleus of X, nucleus ssolitarius and locus ceruleus
  • Input from dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus and info from widespread cortical areas
43
Q

What are the efferents of the amygdala?

A
  • Stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal paths
  • These target the hypothalamus ventral striatum and septal nuclei
  • cerebral cortex including frontal prefrontal cingulate and inferior temproal cortical areas
44
Q

What happens if tehre is a lesion in the amygdala?

A
  • Lesion results in imparied recognition of fear, anger, and disgust in facial expressions and vocal affect
45
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A
  • Bilateral temporal lobe lesions that abolish amygladoid complex
  • results in behavioral changes such as:
    • visual agnosia
    • Hyperorality
    • Hypermetamorphosis-compulsion to intensively expore environment
    • Placidity
    • Hyperphagia
    • Hypersexuality
46
Q

What is the ventral tegmental area?

A
  • Medial to substantia nigra and houses dopaminergic neurons
  • connects with ventral striatum amygdala and other limbic structures
  • important for reward and motivation, may contribute to addiction
47
Q

What is the septal nuclei?

A
  • Small area rostral to anterior commissure
  • Reciprocal connections with oolfactory bulub hippocampus throughthe fornix and amygdala
  • Reole in reward/pleasure and control of rage
48
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens?

A
  • Located in forebrain near continuation of caudate and putamen
  • Important in behaviors related to addiction and chronic pain
49
Q

Papez circuit?

A
  • emotional experience involves reciprocal interactions btw diencephalon and cerebal cortex
  • fornix projects to mammillary bodies
  • Amygdala is key in expression emotions emotional memory
  • Inerconnectiosn btw limbic system and hypothalamus
  • Assoc. areas of cortex prefrontal are important

Cingulate cortex–>cingulum–> hippocampus—>fornix–>mammiillary bodies–> mammilothalamic tracti–> thalamus anterior nuclei–>cingulate cortex

Neuroendocrine Test Three (19 decks)

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