Hypoglycaemic Agents in T2D Flashcards
What is the action of sulfonylureas?
inhibits the ATP sensitive potassium channel to cause insulin secretion
What is the half life of sulfonylureas?
6-24 hours depending on which one
How are sulfonylureas excreted?
via the kidney - risk of nephropathy
What are the side effects of sulfonylureas?
risk of hypoglycaemia, weight gain
Can sulfonylureas be used in pregnancy?
no - because they cross the placenta
What are the actions of metformin?
increase insulin-mediated peripheral glucose uptake, reduce hepatic glucose production, decrease carbohydrate absorption, reduce LDL cholesterol levels and trigycerides
What is the mechanism of metformin?
activation of AMP kinase
What are the side effects of metformin?
diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, lactic acidosis
Who is metformin contraindicated for?
patients with impaired renal function
What is the mechanism of action of alpha glucoside inhibitors?
blocks the enzyme that digests and promotes absorption of starch in the small intestine
What are the adverse effects of alpha glucoside inhibitors?
flatulence, abdominal discomfort, loose stools, abdominal pain
Who is alpha glucoside inhibitors contraindicated for?
patients with inflammatory bowel disease or liver cirrhosis
What is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors?
increases GLP-1 levels by inhibiting their breakdown to result in an increase in insulin and a decrease in glucagon
What are the adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors?
upper respiratory tract infections, headaches, hypoglycaemia if combined with insulin, allergic reactions, pancreatitis
What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 receptor agonists?
insulin secretion, decreased glucagon secretion, slowed gastric emptying, loss of appetite
