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Metabolism > Glucose > Flashcards

Glucose Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breakdown

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

build up

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3
Q

What is the energy of ATP?

A

30.5kJ/mol

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4
Q

What is the energy of NADH?

A

220kJ/mol

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5
Q

How much ATP is produced by anaerobic metabolism?

A

2 ATP

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6
Q

How much ATP is produced by aerobic metabolism?

A

32 ATP

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7
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

aldose

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8
Q

What type of sugar is fructose?

A

ketose

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9
Q

Where is the GLUT-1 transporter?

A

on all cells

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10
Q

Where is the GLUT-2 transporter?

A

the liver and pancreas

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11
Q

Where is the GLUT-4 transporter?

A

muscle and adipose tissue

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12
Q

Why are muscles and adipose tissue starved of glucose in diabetic patients?

A

because GLUT-4 is upregulated only in response to insulin

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13
Q

What is the product of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

lactate

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14
Q

Which cells are obligated to follow anerobic metabolism?

A

red blood cells and the retina

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15
Q

What are the precursors for gluconeogenesis?

A

lactate, glycerol from TAGs in adipose tissue or amino acids - never from fatty acids

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16
Q

What causes the circulatory problems in diabetes?

A

proteins are prone to glycation - glycated blood vessels are brittle and prone to clots

17
Q

What percentage of haemoglobin is normally glycated?

A

3-5%

18
Q

What is the action of glucose-6-phosphatase and where is it present?

A

converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose to liberate glycogen into glucose - only present in liver and kidney

19
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

20
Q

What is the enzyme in the first step of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase

21
Q

What is the enzyme in the second step of glycolysis?

A

phosphohexose isomerase

22
Q

Which enzyme regulates glycolysis and what turns it on?

A

phosphofructokinase - turned on by low ATP

23
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic metabolism?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

24
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

the conversion of glycogen to lactate in the muscle and back from lactate to glucose in the liver

25
Q

What is galactosaemia and what are the symptoms and what is the treatment?

A

a defect in one of the enzymes which converts galactose to glucose - symptoms are jaundice, cataracts and brain damage - treatment is a lactose free diet

26
Q

How does fructose contribute to the obesity epidemic?

A

fructose is stored mostly as fatty acids not glycogen

Metabolism (16 decks)

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