Glucose Flashcards
What is catabolism?
breakdown
What is anabolism?
build up
What is the energy of ATP?
30.5kJ/mol
What is the energy of NADH?
220kJ/mol
How much ATP is produced by anaerobic metabolism?
2 ATP
How much ATP is produced by aerobic metabolism?
32 ATP
What type of sugar is glucose?
aldose
What type of sugar is fructose?
ketose
Where is the GLUT-1 transporter?
on all cells
Where is the GLUT-2 transporter?
the liver and pancreas
Where is the GLUT-4 transporter?
muscle and adipose tissue
Why are muscles and adipose tissue starved of glucose in diabetic patients?
because GLUT-4 is upregulated only in response to insulin
What is the product of anaerobic glycolysis?
lactate
Which cells are obligated to follow anerobic metabolism?
red blood cells and the retina
What are the precursors for gluconeogenesis?
lactate, glycerol from TAGs in adipose tissue or amino acids - never from fatty acids
What causes the circulatory problems in diabetes?
proteins are prone to glycation - glycated blood vessels are brittle and prone to clots
What percentage of haemoglobin is normally glycated?
3-5%
What is the action of glucose-6-phosphatase and where is it present?
converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose to liberate glycogen into glucose - only present in liver and kidney
What is the product of glycolysis?
pyruvate
What is the enzyme in the first step of glycolysis?
hexokinase
What is the enzyme in the second step of glycolysis?
phosphohexose isomerase
Which enzyme regulates glycolysis and what turns it on?
phosphofructokinase - turned on by low ATP
What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic metabolism?
lactate dehydrogenase
What is the Cori cycle?
the conversion of glycogen to lactate in the muscle and back from lactate to glucose in the liver
What is galactosaemia and what are the symptoms and what is the treatment?
a defect in one of the enzymes which converts galactose to glucose - symptoms are jaundice, cataracts and brain damage - treatment is a lactose free diet
How does fructose contribute to the obesity epidemic?
fructose is stored mostly as fatty acids not glycogen
