Hypertension Flashcards
List three risk factors for hypertension. (3)
Age. Race. Family history. Being overweight or obese. Not being physically active. Using tobacco. Too much salt (sodium) in your diet. Too little potassium in your diet. Drinking too much alcohol Stress. Certain chronic conditions. Certain chronic conditions also may increase your risk of high blood pressure, such as kidney disease, diabetes and sleep apnea.
How do we measure routinely the blood pressure? What are the two blood pressures? Which one is usually lower? What do they represent? (3)
By sphygmomanometer Systolic measure the pressure in the arteries when heart beat (when the ventricles contract) Diastolic measure the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when heart muscles is resting between beats and refilling with blood; or when the heart is filled with blood) Systolic is higher
c. Write down at least two harmful consequences of hypertension apart from CVA. (2)
Renal failure / myocardial infarction / retinopathy / aneurysm (rupture of vessel lead to internal bleeding)
23/F, radiographer, self-referred to your clinic to ask for extraction of wisdom teeth. History: pain at wisdom teeth region for several times Pan: 18, 28 vertical, fully erupted, 38 horizontal impaction, 48 horizontal/mesio angular impaction a. What do we use to measure blood pressure? What do the two values represent and which one is lower?
By sphygmomanometer Systolic measure the pressure in the arteries when heart beat (when the ventricles contract) Diastolic measure the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when heart muscles is resting between beats and refilling with blood; or when the heart is filled with blood) Systolic is higher
23/F, radiographer, self-referred to your clinic to ask for extraction of wisdom teeth. History: pain at wisdom teeth region for several times Pan: 18, 28 vertical, fully erupted, 38 horizontal impaction, 48 horizontal/mesio angular impaction b. Normal blood pressure? At least 3 risk factor of hypertension? (4)
As a general guide: ideal blood pressure is considered to be between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg high blood pressure is considered to be 140/90mmHg or higher Risk factors: Age. Race. Family history. Being overweight or obese. Not being physically active. Using tobacco. Too much salt (sodium) in your diet. Too little potassium in your diet. Drinking too much alcohol Stress. Certain chronic conditions. Certain chronic conditions also may increase your risk of high blood pressure, such as kidney disease, diabetes and sleep apnea.
Hypertension. C/O: pain on the lower jaw and continued for a period of time and ceased. But recently pain experienced again and patient cannot fall asleep. Panoramic radiograph is provided. (Formative, 2011) a. How would you routinely measure blood pressure for patients? What are the names of the two values obtained? Which one is the higher one, and which is the lower? What do these two values represent? [3]
By sphygmomanometer Systolic measure the pressure in the arteries when heart beat (when the ventricles contract) Diastolic measure the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when heart muscles is resting between beats and refilling with blood; or when the heart is filled with blood) Systolic is higher
Hypertension. C/O: pain on the lower jaw and continued for a period of time and ceased. But recently pain experienced again and patient cannot fall asleep. Panoramic radiograph is provided. (Formative, 2011) Name three factors contributing to hypertension. What is the optimal pressure for normotensive patient? [4]
Normal is 120/80, hypertension crisis > 180/110 Aging / smoking / DM / high cholesterol diet / lack of exercise / obesity / alcohol consumption / family history of CVD
Hypertension. C/O: pain on the lower jaw and continued for a period of time and ceased. But recently pain experienced again and patient cannot fall asleep. Panoramic radiograph is provided. (Formative, 2011)
Name 3 major groups of antihypertensive drugs. How many are there available on the market? [4]
4 major groups
ACE inhibitors (e.g. Captopril)
Beta-blockers (e.g. Atenolol)
Calcium channel blocker (e.g. Nifedipine)
Diuretics (e.g. Bendroflumethiazide)
Initial antihypertensive drugs should be CCB, thiazide type diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
Other includes beta blocker, alpha blocker, sympatholytics
OS - Given PAN with no lower teeth, a few upper teeth and 14-12 is a bridge, 13 pontic. Complain of pain.
I/O: 14 and 12 carious, TTP; 12 has gingival swelling with pus exudation.
MH: On antihypertensive medication, allergy to “acetaminophen”, gastric pain
FSH: Heavy smoker (10 a day), social drinker
a. List 3 antihypertensives that cause dry mouth (3)
ACE inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, clonidine (a sympatholytic)
OS - Given PAN with no lower teeth, a few upper teeth and 14-12 is a bridge, 13 pontic. Complain of pain.
I/O: 14 and 12 carious, TTP; 12 has gingival swelling with pus exudation.
MH: On antihypertensive medication, allergy to “acetaminophen”, gastric pain
FSH: Heavy smoker (10 a day), social drinker
b. Which antihypertensive can cause cough (1)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)
OS - Given PAN with no lower teeth, a few upper teeth and 14-12 is a bridge, 13 pontic. Complain of pain.
I/O: 14 and 12 carious, TTP; 12 has gingival swelling with pus exudation.
MH: On antihypertensive medication, allergy to “acetaminophen”, gastric pain
FSH: Heavy smoker (10 a day), social drinker
c. Patient wants immediate extraction of 14 and 12. BP measured as 150/92
What are the 2 values and what do they indicate (2)
The higher value is the systolic pressure and the lower value indicates the diastolic pressure
It indicates the blood pressure in the arteries during systole of the heart and diastole of the heart
