Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular System > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Sustained increase in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the stages of hypertension?

A

Stage 1
Stage 2
Severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is stage 1 hypertension?

A

Blood pressure of 140/90mmHg or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is stage 2 hypertension?

A

Blood pressure of 160/100mmHg or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is severe hypertension?

A

Blood pressure of 180/110mmHg or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does blood pressure measured at home differ to blood pressure measured in clinic?

A

Slightly lower at home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of hypertension?

A

Primary hypertension

Secondary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which type of hypertension is more common - primary or secondary?

A

Primary by far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is another term for primary hypertension?

A

Essential hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?

A

Primary - unknown cause

Secondary - cause can be defined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What factors contribute to primary hypertension?

A

Genetic factors - hypertension runs in families

Environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some of the causes of secondary hypertension?

A

Renovascular disease

Chronic kidney disease

Hyperaldosteronism

Cushing’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does renovascular disease lead to secondary hypertension?

A

Renal artery stenosis
fall in perfusion pressure of kidney
release of renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the release of renin lead to secondary hypertension?

A

Activation of RAAS
increases blood volume, TPR
and hence blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does renal parenchymal disease lead to secondary hypertension?

A

Early stage - loss of local vasodilators

Late stage - inadequate filtration, more Na+ and water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does loss of local vasodilators lead to secondary hypertension?

A

Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
Decreased GFR
Increased Na+ retention, water reabsorption
Increased blood volume, blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the adrenal causes of secondary hypertension?

A

Conn’s syndrome

Cushing’s syndrome

Phaeochromocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does Conn’s syndrome lead to secondary hypertension?

A

Adrenal adenoma

secretes aldosterone - hyperaldosteronism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does hyperaldosteronism lead to secondary hypertension?

A

Increased retention of Na+, water

Increased blood volume, blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What else does Conn’s syndrome lead to? How?

A

Hypokalaemia

Aldosterone gives activation of apical K+ channel
K+ diffuses out, loss of K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does Cushing’s syndrome lead to secondary hypertension?

A

Excess secretion of cortisol

binds to aldosterone receptors at high concs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does phaeochromocytoma lead to secondary hypertension?

A

Secretes catecholamines - adrenaline and noradrenaline

Increased sympathetic activity

23
Q

What does hypertension lead to damage of?

A

Heart

Vasculature

24
Q

What are some of the complications of hypertension?

A

LV hypertrophy
MI
Heart failure

Aortic aneurysm
Coronary artery disease

Stroke

Retinopathy

Chronic kidney failure

25
Q

How does hypertension lead to LV hypertrophy?

A

Increased pressure in arteries, afterload
LV has to contract harder, generate more pressure
In order to push blood into arteries

26
Q

What can LV hypertrophy lead to? How?

A

Heart failure - diastolic

Reduced filling of left ventricle
Reduced EDV, SV, CO

27
Q

How does hypertension lead to myocardial ischaemia, infarction?

A

Increased pressure in arteries, afterload
Heart has to contract harder, generate higher pressures
To push blood into arteries
Requires more oxygen
Making it more susceptible to ischaemia, infarction

28
Q

How does hypertension lead to retinopathy, aneurysm, stroke, renal failure?

A

Arteries become damaged
Are weakened

More prone to atherosclerosis

29
Q

Why are arteries more prone to atherosclerosis with hypertension?

A

High pressure damages arterial walls
Get inflammatory response
Deposition of fat, calcium

30
Q

How is secondary hypertension treated?

A

Treat primary cause

31
Q

What are the two approaches to treating primary hypertension?

A

Non-pharmacological

Pharmacological

32
Q

What does the non-pharmacological approach of treating primary hypertension involve?

A

Improving diet - reduce Na+, alcohol intake

Increasing exercise

33
Q

What is a disadvantage of non-pharmacological approaches to treating primary hypertension?

A

Limited effect

34
Q

What are the groups of drugs used to treat primary hypertension?

A

RAAS blockers

Vasodilators

Calcium ion channel blockers

Beta blockers

35
Q

What are some examples of RAAS blockers?

A

ACE inhibitors

Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists

36
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

A

Prevent ACE converting angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

Prevent breakdown of bradykinin

37
Q

What are the effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Vasodilation by bradykinin

Reduced sodium, water reabsoprtion
Reduced release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

38
Q

What is an example of an ACE inhibitor?

A

Captopril

39
Q

What are the effects of angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists?

A

Reduced vasoconstriction

Reduced sodium, water retention

Reduced aldosterone release from adrenal cortex

40
Q

What are some examples of vasodilators?

A

Calcium ion channel blockers

A1 receptor blockers

41
Q

How do calcium ion channel blockers cause vasodilation?

A

Prevent calcium ion entry into smooth muscle cells

Reduced smooth muscle cell contraction

42
Q

How do angiotensin 2 receptors antagonists work?

A

Prevent angiotensin 2 binding to its receptor

43
Q

How do A1 adrenoceptor antagonists cause vasodilation?

A

Prevent noradrenaline binding to A1 adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle cells and causing vasoconstriction

44
Q

What is a side effect of A1 adrenoceptor antagonists? Why?

A

Postural hypotension

block baroreceptor reflex from causing vasoconstriction

45
Q

What causes postural hypotension?

A

Standing up
Gravity draws blood down to blood vessels in legs
Reduced venous return, filling, SV, CO, maBP

46
Q

What responds to postural hypotension? How?

A

Baroreceptor reflex
Increased sympathetic output
Increases heart rate, force of contraction, SV, CO
Peripheral vasoconstriction, increases TPR
Increasing maBP

47
Q

What are some examples of diuretics?

A

Thiazide

Aldosterone antagonists

48
Q

How do thiazide diuretics work?

A

Inhibit Na+ Cl- co-transporter on apical domain of cells

in distal tubule

49
Q

What is the effect of thiazide diuretics?

A

Reduced sodium and water retention

reduced blood volume, blood pressure

50
Q

What is an example of an aldosterone antagonist?

A

Spironolactone

51
Q

How do beta blockers work?

A

Block B1 adrenoceptors in heart

Reduce heart rate, force of contraction

52
Q

Are beta blockers commonly used to treat hypertension?

A

No

53
Q

When would beta blockers be used to treat hypertension?

A

Hypertension with a previous MI

Cardiovascular System (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions