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Cardiovascular System > Control of blood pressure > Flashcards

Control of blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

How is pressure calculated?

A

Pressure = flow x resistance

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2
Q

How is blood pressure calculated?

A

maBP = CO x TPR

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3
Q

What are the two timeframes that blood pressure is regulated during?

A

Short-term

Long-term

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4
Q

What is the short-term regulation of blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

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5
Q

What are baroreceptors sensitive to?

A

Are sensitive to stretch

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6
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch

Carotic sinus

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7
Q

How do baroreceptors detect an increase in pressure?

A

Arterial walls are stretched

Stretches nerve endings of baroreceptors

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8
Q

What do baroreceptors do once stretched?

A

Increase frequency of action potentials fired

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9
Q

Which nerve carries action potentials from baroreceptors in aortic arch?

A

Vagus nerve - cranial nerve 10

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10
Q

Which nerve carries action potentials from baroreceptors in carotid sinus?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve - cranial nerve 9

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11
Q

Where are action potentials from the baroreceptors carried to?

A

Medulla oblongata

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12
Q

How does the medulla oblongata relate to the cardiovascular system?

A

Is the cardiovascular control centre

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13
Q

How does the medulla oblongata respond to the increased frequency of action potentials via afferent nerves?

A

Decrease in sympathetic output

Parasympathetic output is increased

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14
Q

What is the result of decreased sympathetic output and increased parasympathetic output? What is the overall result?

A

Reduced CO - reduced heart rate, force of contraction, SV

Reduced TPR - vasodilation

Reduced maBP - reduced CO, TPR

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15
Q

How do baroreceptors detect a decrease in blood pressure?

A

Less stretching of arterial walls

Less stretching of baroreceptor nerve endings

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16
Q

What do baroreceptors do when they’re no lonnger being stretched?

A

Decrease frequency of action potentials to medulla oblongata via
vagus nerve - aortic arch
glossopharyngeal nerve - carotid sinus

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17
Q

How does the medulla oblongata respond to the decreased frequency in action potentials via afferent nerves?

A

Increases sympathetic output

Decreases parasympathetic output

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18
Q

What is the result of an increased sympathetic output and a decreased parasympathetic output? What is the overall result?

A

Increased CO - increased heart rate, force of contraction, SV

Increased TPR - vasoconstriction

Increased maBP - increased CO, TPR

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19
Q

What type of feedback does the baroreceptor reflex involve? Explain how

A

Negative feedback loop

change in blood pressure results in blood pressure being restored back to normal

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20
Q

Why are baroreceptor reflexes not involved in the long-term control of blood pressure?

A

Threshold for baroreceptor firing action potential is reset

to the new blood pressure

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21
Q

What type of pathways are involved in the medium-long term control of blood pressure?

A

Neurohumeral pathways - ANS and circulating factors

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22
Q

What are the four neurohumeral pathways involved in medium-long term control of blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP)

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23
Q

What do all the four neurohumeral pathways involved in medium-long term control of blood pressure have in common?

A

All affect sodium retention

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24
Q

How does controlling sodium retention affect blood pressure?

A

Sodium retention affects water reabsorption
Extracellular fluid volume
Plasma volume
Blood volume
Affects filling of ventricle in diastole, EDV, SV, CO
And finally blood pressure

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25
Q

What are the factors that cause the release of the renin?

A

Reduced perfusion pressure in kidneys

Sympathetic stimulation of JGA

Reduced NaCl deliverty to distal tubule, macula densa

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26
Q

How do the kidneys detect reduced perfusion pressure?

A

Have baroreceptors

in afferent arterioles

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27
Q

Where is renin released from in the kidneys?

A

Granular cells of afferent arteriole

of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

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28
Q

What is the function of renin?

A

To cleave angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

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29
Q

Where is angiotensinogen released from?

A

Liver

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30
Q

What does ACE stand for?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

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31
Q

Where is ACE released from?

A

Epithelial cells in lungs

32
Q

What is the role of ACE?

A

Convert angiotensin 1
into angiotensin 2

Break down bradykinin protein
into peptide fragments

33
Q

What does angiotensin 2 bind to?

A

Angiotensin 2 receptors - AT

34
Q

What are the types of angiotensin 2 receptors?

A

Type 1 - AT1

Type 2 - AT2

35
Q

What type of angiotensin 2 receptor does angiotensin 2 mostly bind to?

A

AT1

36
Q

What type of receptor is AT1?

A

GPCR

37
Q

Where are AT1 receptors located

A

Arterioles
Kidneys
Adrenal cortex

Sympathetic NS
Hypothalamus

38
Q

What effect does angiotensin 2 binding to AT2 in the arterioles cause? How does this affect blood pressure?

A

Causes vasoconstriction

Increase in TPR, maBP

39
Q

What effect does angiotensin 2 binding to AT2 receptors in the kidneys cause? How does this affect blood pressure?

A

Stimulates sodium reabsoprtion
Water follows
Increased BV, filling of ventricles, EDV, SV, CO, maBP

40
Q

What effect does angiotensin 2 binding to AT2 receptors in the adrenal cortex cause?

A

Stimulates release of aldosterone

41
Q

What effect does angiotensin 2 binding to AT2 receptors in the sympathetic NS cause?

A

Increased release of NA

42
Q

What effect does angiotensin 2 binding to AT2 receptors in the hypothalamus cause?

A

Stimulates release of ADH

43
Q

Which cells does aldosterone affect?

A

Principal cells of collecting ducts

in kidneys

44
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increases activity of Na+ K+ ATPase on basolateral domain

Activates ENaC on apical domain

45
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone?

A

Increased Na+ efflux from cell into blood by Na+ K+ ATPase

Sets up Na+ conc. gradient

Na+ reabsorbed into cell through ENaC

46
Q

What effect does bradykinin have?

A

Vasodilation

47
Q

What is the purpose of ACE breaking down bradykinin?

A

Reduced vasodilation

Increase in TPR, maBP

48
Q

How does sympathetic activity affect renal blood flow?

A

Reduce renal blood flow

by vasoconstriction of arterioles

49
Q

How does reduced renal blood flow affect sodium retention?

A

Decreases GFR

Decreases Na+ excretion

50
Q

How does sympathetic activity affect ion transporters in cells?

A

Increases activity of Na+ K+ ATPase on basolateral domain

Activates Na+ H+ exchanger on apical domain

51
Q

How does sympathetic activity affect sodium retention?

A

Increased Na+ efflux from cell into blood by Na+ K+ ATPase

Creates Na+ conc. gradient

Na+ is reabsorbed into cell by Na+ H+ exchanger

52
Q

Where in the kidney does the sympathetic nervous sytem affect ion transporter activity?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

53
Q

How does sympathetic activity affect renin?

A

Stimulates renin release from granular cells of afferent arteriole in juxtaglomerular apparatus

54
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Arginine vasopressin

55
Q

What causes the release of ADH?

A

Increase in plasma osmolarity

Severe hypovolaemia

56
Q

What are the functions of ADH?

A

Increase sodium retention

Increase water reabsorption

Cause vasoconstriction

57
Q

How does ADH increase sodium retention?

A

Stimulates Na+ K+ Cl- transporter

Na+ reabsorbed into cell

58
Q

How does ADH increase water reabsorption?

A

Through increasing Na+ retention

Also by increasing aquaporin2
water reabsorbed through it

59
Q

Where does ADH stimulate the Na+ K+ Cl- transporter?

A

Thick ascending limb

60
Q

Where does ADH increase aquaporin2?

A

Distal nephron

61
Q

How are atrial myocytes related to ANP?

A

Atrial myocytes synthesise, store and release ANP

62
Q

What causes the release of ANP?

A

Stretch of atria

due to increased blood volume

63
Q

What is the effect of ANP?

A

Natriuresis - loss of sodium in urine

64
Q

How does ANP affect sodium retention?

A

Vasodilation of afferent arteriole
Increased GFR
Increased excretion of Na+

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption along nephron

65
Q

What type of receptors are located in the atria?

A

Volume receptors

are low-pressure baroreceptors

66
Q

How do atrial volume receptors detetch volume of blood?

A

Increased volume of blood causes stretching of atria

Stretching of baroreceptor nerve endings

67
Q

Is ANP released when blood volume is low?

A

No
Reduced filling of heart
Less stretching of atria
Less ANP released

68
Q

What is an effect of prostaglandins?

A

Vasodilation

69
Q

How do prostaglandins affect sodium retention?

A

Local prostaglandins in kidney
cause vasodilation of afferent arteriole
increase GFR
increased Na+ excretion

70
Q

How do prostaglandins have a protective function?

A

Buffer excessive vasoconstriction caused by RAAS, SNS

preventing damage to blood vessels

71
Q

How is dopamine formed in the kidneys?

A

From circulating L-DOPA

72
Q

Where are dopamine receptors present in the kidneys?

A

Renal blood vessels

Proximal convoluted tubule cells

Thick ascending limb cells

73
Q

What are the effects of dopamine binding to its receptor?

A

Vasodilation

Reduced retention of sodium, water

74
Q

How does dopamine decrease sodium retention?

A

Inhibits Na+ H+ exchanger

Inhibits Na+ K+ ATPase

75
Q

Which cells does dopamine affect?

A

Principal cells in proximal convoluted tubule

And thick ascending limb

Cardiovascular System (22 decks)

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