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Cardiovascular System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the arrangement of the heart muscle?

A

Like the figure 8

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2
Q

How do the walls of the right and left ventricles compare to each other? Why?

A

Left ventricle has thicker wall than right ventricle

because it needs to withstand higher pressures

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3
Q

Which valves of the heart are tricuspid?

A

Tricuspid

Aortic

Pulmonary

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4
Q

Which valve of the heart is bicuspid?

A

Mitral

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5
Q

What is the function of the valves of the heart?

A

Open to allow flow of blood through them

Close to prevent backflow of blood through them

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6
Q

What are the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves attached to?

A

Chordae tendiniae

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7
Q

What are chordae tendineae attached to?

A

Papillary muscles

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8
Q

What is the function of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

A

Prevent inversion of valves during systole

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9
Q

What are the coronary arteries that branch off the aorta?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

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10
Q

Where does the right coronary artery run?

A

The atrioventricular groove

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11
Q

What are the coronary arteries that branch off the right coronary artery?

A

SA nodal artery

AV nodal artery

Right marginal artery

Posterior interventricular artery

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12
Q

What are the coronary arteries that branch off the left coronary artery?

A

Left anterior descending artery

Left circumflex branch

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13
Q

Which coronary artery branches off the left anterior descending artery?

A

Left diagonal artery

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14
Q

Where does the left diagonal artery run?

A

Runs over the LV

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15
Q

Where does the left circumflex branch run?

A

The atrioventricular groove

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16
Q

Which coronary artery branches off the left circumflex branch?

A

Left marginal artery

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17
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A

The RA and RV

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18
Q

What does the right marginal artery supply?

A

The RV

And the apex

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19
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply?

A

Interventricular septum

RV and LV

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20
Q

What does the left anterior descending artery supply?

A

Interventricular septum

RV and LV

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21
Q

What does the left diagonal artery supply?

A

The LV

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22
Q

What does the left circumflex artery supply?

A

The LA and LV

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23
Q

What does the left mariginal artery supply?

A

The LV

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24
Q

What are the cardiac veins of the heart?

A

Anterior cardiac veins

Small cardiac vein

Great cardiac vein

Oblique cardiac vein

Coronary sinus

Left marginal vein

Left posterior ventricular vein

Middle cardiac vein

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25
Q

Where do the anterior cardiac veins run?

A

Right side of heart anteriorly

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26
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein run?

A

Runs in atrioventricular groove

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27
Q

What branches off the great cardiac vein?

A

Left marginal vein

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28
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein end? What does it become?

A

Ends at the posterior surface of the heart

Becomes the coronary sinus

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29
Q

What branches off the coronary sinus?

A

Posterior ventricular vein

Middle cardiac vein

Small cardiac vein

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30
Q

Where does the posterior ventricular vein run?

A

Posterior surface of LEFT ventricle

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31
Q

Where does the middle cardiac vein run?

A

In posterior interventricular groove

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32
Q

Where does the coronary sinus run?

A

Posterior surface of the heart

In the atrioventricular groove

33
Q

What do the cardiac veins drain into?

A

Coronary sinus

34
Q

What does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

The RA

35
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Middle mediastinum

36
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Area between the right and left pleural cavities containing the lungs

37
Q

What does the heart lie behind?

A

Sternum

38
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A

The tip of the LV

39
Q

Where does the apex of the heart lie?

A

Left 5th intercostal space

40
Q

In what direction does the apex of the heart point?

A

Anteriorly
inferiorly
to left

41
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The posterior surface

42
Q

What forms the base of the heart?

A

The atria, mainly LA

43
Q

Where is the base of the heart located?

A

Between the lung hila

44
Q

What forms the anterior surface of the heart?

A

RA and RV

small strip of LV

45
Q

What forms the inferior surface of the heart?

A

Ventricles, mainly LV

46
Q

What does the inferior surface of the heart lie on?

A

The diaphragm

47
Q

What forms the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

48
Q

What is the right border of the heart in line with?

A

SVC

IVC

49
Q

What forms the superior border of the heart?

A

Both atria

50
Q

What forms the left border of the heart?

A

LV, small portion of LA

51
Q

What forms the inferior border of the heart?

A

RV

LV at apex

52
Q

Where do the atria lie relative to the ventricles?

A

To the right

and behind them

52
Q

Where do right-sided structures of the heart lie relative to the left-sided structures?

A

Anteriorly

54
Q

What is the atrioventricular groove?

A

Transverse groove around the heart

separates the atria from the ventricles

55
Q

What is an interventricular groove?

A

Groove that runs down the heart

separates the RV from the LV

56
Q

How many interventricular grooves are there? What are they?

A

Two - anterior and posterior

57
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Pericardium - outer

Myocardium

Endocardium - inner

58
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous layer - outer

Serosal layer - inner

59
Q

What are the layers of the inner serosal layer of the pericardium?

A

Parietal layer - outer

Visceral layer - inner

60
Q

What does the visceral layer of the pericardium do?

A

Attaches to the heart

61
Q

What is another name for the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

Epicardium

62
Q

What does the outer parietal layer of the pericardium do?

A

Lines the fibrous layer

63
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal layer

64
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain?

A

Lubricating serous fluid

Fat maybe

65
Q

What is the purpose of the lubricating serous fluid in the pericardial cavity?

A

Minimise friction as heart contracts

66
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the pericardium made up of?

A

Connective tissue

67
Q

What are the functions of the fibrous layer of the pericardium?

A

Connects the heart to surrounding structures to hold it in place

Prevents heart from over-filling

67
Q

What are the nerves running alongside the pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerves - right and left

67
Q

What is pericaridal fat?

A

Fat within the pericardial cavity

69
Q

Which surrounding structures is the fibrous layer of the pericardium attached to?

A

Sternum

Mediastinal portions of the lungs

Diaphragm

70
Q

What structures emerge from the pericardium?

A

Aorta

Pulmonary trunk

SVC, IVC

71
Q

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, C4, C5

72
Q

What do the phrenic nerves innervate?

A

Diaphragm

73
Q

What is epicardial fat?

A

Fat between heart and pericardium

specifically, between myocardium and visceral layer of pericardium

75
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner surface of the heart

lined with endothelium

75
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Passage between
aorta and pulmonary trunk in front
SVC behind

77
Q

What is the clinical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Heart surgery
clamp down aorta and pulmonary trunk
create bypass between aorta and vena cava
to empty the heart of blood

78
Q

What is the oblique sinus?

A

Gap

posterior to heart

Cardiovascular System (22 decks)

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