Anatomy Flashcards
What is the arrangement of the heart muscle?
Like the figure 8
How do the walls of the right and left ventricles compare to each other? Why?
Left ventricle has thicker wall than right ventricle
because it needs to withstand higher pressures
Which valves of the heart are tricuspid?
Tricuspid
Aortic
Pulmonary
Which valve of the heart is bicuspid?
Mitral
What is the function of the valves of the heart?
Open to allow flow of blood through them
Close to prevent backflow of blood through them
What are the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves attached to?
Chordae tendiniae
What are chordae tendineae attached to?
Papillary muscles
What is the function of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?
Prevent inversion of valves during systole
What are the coronary arteries that branch off the aorta?
Right and left coronary arteries
Where does the right coronary artery run?
The atrioventricular groove
What are the coronary arteries that branch off the right coronary artery?
SA nodal artery
AV nodal artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery
What are the coronary arteries that branch off the left coronary artery?
Left anterior descending artery
Left circumflex branch
Which coronary artery branches off the left anterior descending artery?
Left diagonal artery
Where does the left diagonal artery run?
Runs over the LV
Where does the left circumflex branch run?
The atrioventricular groove
Which coronary artery branches off the left circumflex branch?
Left marginal artery
What does the right coronary artery supply?
The RA and RV
What does the right marginal artery supply?
The RV
And the apex
What does the posterior interventricular artery supply?
Interventricular septum
RV and LV
What does the left anterior descending artery supply?
Interventricular septum
RV and LV
What does the left diagonal artery supply?
The LV
What does the left circumflex artery supply?
The LA and LV
What does the left mariginal artery supply?
The LV
What are the cardiac veins of the heart?
Anterior cardiac veins
Small cardiac vein
Great cardiac vein
Oblique cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Left marginal vein
Left posterior ventricular vein
Middle cardiac vein
Where do the anterior cardiac veins run?
Right side of heart anteriorly
Where does the great cardiac vein run?
Runs in atrioventricular groove
What branches off the great cardiac vein?
Left marginal vein
Where does the great cardiac vein end? What does it become?
Ends at the posterior surface of the heart
Becomes the coronary sinus
What branches off the coronary sinus?
Posterior ventricular vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Where does the posterior ventricular vein run?
Posterior surface of LEFT ventricle
Where does the middle cardiac vein run?
In posterior interventricular groove
Where does the coronary sinus run?
Posterior surface of the heart
In the atrioventricular groove
What do the cardiac veins drain into?
Coronary sinus
What does the coronary sinus drain into?
The RA
Where is the heart located?
Middle mediastinum
What is the mediastinum?
Area between the right and left pleural cavities containing the lungs
What does the heart lie behind?
Sternum
What forms the apex of the heart?
The tip of the LV
Where does the apex of the heart lie?
Left 5th intercostal space
In what direction does the apex of the heart point?
Anteriorly
inferiorly
to left
What is the base of the heart?
The posterior surface
What forms the base of the heart?
The atria, mainly LA
Where is the base of the heart located?
Between the lung hila
What forms the anterior surface of the heart?
RA and RV
small strip of LV
What forms the inferior surface of the heart?
Ventricles, mainly LV
What does the inferior surface of the heart lie on?
The diaphragm
What forms the right border of the heart?
Right atrium
What is the right border of the heart in line with?
SVC
IVC
What forms the superior border of the heart?
Both atria
What forms the left border of the heart?
LV, small portion of LA
What forms the inferior border of the heart?
RV
LV at apex
Where do the atria lie relative to the ventricles?
To the right
and behind them
Where do right-sided structures of the heart lie relative to the left-sided structures?
Anteriorly
What is the atrioventricular groove?
Transverse groove around the heart
separates the atria from the ventricles
What is an interventricular groove?
Groove that runs down the heart
separates the RV from the LV
How many interventricular grooves are there? What are they?
Two - anterior and posterior
What are the layers of the heart?
Pericardium - outer
Myocardium
Endocardium - inner
What are the layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous layer - outer
Serosal layer - inner
What are the layers of the inner serosal layer of the pericardium?
Parietal layer - outer
Visceral layer - inner
What does the visceral layer of the pericardium do?
Attaches to the heart
What is another name for the visceral layer of the pericardium?
Epicardium
What does the outer parietal layer of the pericardium do?
Lines the fibrous layer
What is the pericardial cavity?
The space between the visceral and parietal layer
What does the pericardial cavity contain?
Lubricating serous fluid
Fat maybe
What is the purpose of the lubricating serous fluid in the pericardial cavity?
Minimise friction as heart contracts
What is the fibrous layer of the pericardium made up of?
Connective tissue
What are the functions of the fibrous layer of the pericardium?
Connects the heart to surrounding structures to hold it in place
Prevents heart from over-filling
What are the nerves running alongside the pericardium?
Phrenic nerves - right and left
What is pericaridal fat?
Fat within the pericardial cavity
Which surrounding structures is the fibrous layer of the pericardium attached to?
Sternum
Mediastinal portions of the lungs
Diaphragm
What structures emerge from the pericardium?
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
SVC, IVC
What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?
C3, C4, C5
What do the phrenic nerves innervate?
Diaphragm
What is epicardial fat?
Fat between heart and pericardium
specifically, between myocardium and visceral layer of pericardium
What is the endocardium?
The inner surface of the heart
lined with endothelium
What is the transverse pericardial sinus?
Passage between
aorta and pulmonary trunk in front
SVC behind
What is the clinical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?
Heart surgery
clamp down aorta and pulmonary trunk
create bypass between aorta and vena cava
to empty the heart of blood
What is the oblique sinus?
Gap
posterior to heart
