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Cardiovascular System > Haemodynamics > Flashcards

Haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid collected from unclotted blood

so it includes clotting factors

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2
Q

What is serum?

A

Fluid collected from clotted blood

so it doesn’t include clotting factors

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3
Q

What is the relationship between plasma and serum?

A

Serum = plasma - clotting factors

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4
Q

What is blood flow?

A

Volume of blood per unit time through blood vessel

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5
Q

What are the factors affecting blood flow?

A

Difference in blood pressure

Resistance

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6
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force that is exerted on blood vessel walls by the blood

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7
Q

How does difference in blood pressure affect blood flow?

A

The bigger the difference in blood pressure

the more the blood flow

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8
Q

What direction of pressure does blood move in?

A

High pressure to low pressure

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9
Q

How does resistance affect blood flow?

A

As resistance increases

blood flow decreases

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10
Q

What is resistance?

A

Opposition to blood flow

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11
Q

What are the factors affecting resistance?

A

Length of blood vessel

Radius of blood vessel

Blood viscosity

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12
Q

How does the length of a blood vessel affect resistance?

A

As length of blood vessel increases

resistance increases

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13
Q

How does the radius of a blood vessel affect resistance?

A

As radius of blood vessel increases

resistance decreases

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14
Q

How does blood viscosity affect resistance?

A

As blood viscosity increases

resistance increases

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15
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Total opposition to blood flow

offered by all the systemic vasculature

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16
Q

What is another term for total peripheral resistance?

A

Systemic vascular resistance

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17
Q

What type of blood vessel is mostly responsible for peripheral resistance?

A

Arterioles

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18
Q

How do arterioles change the peripheral resistance?

A

Vasoconstriction decreases their radius, which increases resistance

Vasodilation increases their radius, which decreases resistance

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19
Q

What is meant by whole blood viscosity?

A

How thick the blood is

20
Q

What can cause a major increase in whole blood viscosity? Which is the most common cause?

A

Multiple myeloma - most common cause
Leukaemia
Thrombocythaemia
Polycythaemia

21
Q

What component of blood does multiple myeloma affect? How is it affected?

A

Plasma
increases plasma viscosity
by increased number of immunoglobulins

22
Q

What effect does an increase in whole blood viscosity have on blood in the peripheries? Why?

A

Sludging of blood in peripheries

as blood cools down in peripheries

23
Q

What can cause a minor increase in whole blood viscosity?

A

Increased levels of acute phase proteins

24
Q

What are three examples of acute phase proteins?

A

Complement proteins
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Fibrinogen

25
Q

What causes an increase in acute phase proteins?

A

Inflammation

26
Q

What are acute phase protein levels used to measure?

A

Inflammatory response

27
Q

Which acute phase protein in particular is used to measure the inflammatory response?

A

CRP

28
Q

What are the two types of blood flow?

A

Laminar flow

Turbulent flow

29
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Blood flowing in straight lines

remaining at same distance from vessel wall

30
Q

Where is blood velocity greatest in laminar flow? Why?

A

In centre of vessel

because blood at peripheries comes into contact with vessel wall, increased friction, resistance to blood flow

31
Q

What is turbulent blood flow?

A

Blood flowing in all directions in the vessel

mixing of blood within vessel

32
Q

What are the causes of turbulent blood flow?

A

Blood velocity is too large

Blood passes over rough surface
Blood passes stenosis or obstruction in vessel

Blood passes a sharp turn

33
Q

What is meant by stenosis of a blood vessel? And obstruction?

A

Stenosis means narrowing of blood vessel

Obstruction means complete blockage of blood vessel

34
Q

What is it called when turbulence can be felt in a blood vessel?

A

Thrill

35
Q

What is it called when turbulence can be heard in a blood vessel?

A

Bruit

36
Q

What is it called when turbulence can be heard over a heart valve?

A

Murmur

37
Q

What is blood velocity?

A

Speed of blood moving through blood vessel

38
Q

What are the units of blood velocity?

A

Distance/time

39
Q

What are the factors affecting blood velocity?

A

Blood flow

Cross-sectional area of blood vessel

40
Q

How does blood flow affect blood velocity?

A

As blood flow increases

blood velocity increases

41
Q

How does cross-sectional area of a blood vessel affect blood velocity?

A

As cross-sectional area of blood vessel increases

blood velocity decreases

42
Q

How are blood flow and blood velocity affected distal to a stenosis? Why?

A

Stenosis decreases radius of blood vessel, which increases resistance, which decreases blood flow

Stenosis decreases cross-sectional area of blood vessel, which increases blood velocity

43
Q

What blood vessel abnormality often forms distal to stenosis? What does it mean?

A

Aneurysm

refers to an abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

44
Q

Why do aneurysms often form distal to a stenosis?

A

High blood velocity pushes on blood vessel walls

pushes them apart

45
Q

How does systole affect blood velocity?

A

Causes rapid increase in blood velocity as heart ejects lots of blood
followed by rapid decrease as heart ejects less blood

46
Q

How does diastole affect blood velocity?

A

Negative blood velocity

As blood enters peripheries, faces peripheral resistance, bounces back slightly

Cardiovascular System (22 decks)

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