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Cardiovascular System > Cardiac cycle COPY > Flashcards

Cardiac cycle COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the exchange vessels?

A

Capillaries

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2
Q

What are the capacitance vessels?

A

Veins

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3
Q

What is the function of capacitance vessels?

A

Act as stores of blood

enable changes in amount of blood pumped around the body as demand changes

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4
Q

What are the resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles, precapillary sphincters

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5
Q

What is the function of resistance vessels?

A

Restrict blood flow in tissues which are easy to perfuse

to drive blood flow to tissues that are more difficult to perfuse

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6
Q

How does the cardiac output of the right side of the heart compare to the left side of the heart?

A

They’re equal

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7
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction and ejection of blood from ventricles

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8
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation and filling of ventricles

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9
Q

What is the pressure in the left atrium?

A

8-10mmHg

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10
Q

What is the pressure in the LV?

A

120/10mmHg

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11
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta?

A

120/80mmHg

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12
Q

What is the pressure in the right atrium?

A

0-4mmHg

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13
Q

What is the pressure in the RV?

A

25/4mmHg

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14
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary artery?

A

25/10mmHg

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15
Q

How do the pressures of the systemic and pulmonary circulations compare to each other?

A

Systemic circulation at high pressure

Pulmonary circulation at low pressure

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16
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood ejected from the LV per heart beat

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17
Q

What is the average stroke volume?

A

70ml

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18
Q

At a heart rate of 70bpm, what is the cardiac output? What is the signifiance of this?

A

5L/min

Equivalent to blood volume in body

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19
Q

What is the arrangement of heart muscle?

A

Like the figure 8

20
Q

Which valves are tricuspid - have three cusps?

A

Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve

21
Q

Which valve is bicuspid - has two cusps?

A

Mitral valve

22
Q

What do the cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valves attach to? Via what?

A

Attach to papillary muscles

via chordae tendinae

23
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae?

A

Prevent inversion of valves during systole

24
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A 
Atrial contraction
Isovolumetric contraction
Rapid ejection
Reduced ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Rapid filling
Reduced filling
25
Q

Which phases form diastole?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation
Rapid filling
Reduced filling
Atrial contraction

26
Q

Which phases form systole?

A

Isovolumetric contraction
Rapid ejection
Reduced ejection

27
Q

If the cardiac cycle is 0.9s long, how long is systole? How long is diastole?

A

Systole = 0.35s

Diastole = 0.55s

28
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of cardiac cycles per minute

29
Q

A change in heart rate is accommodated by change in duration of systole or diastole?

A

Diastole

30
Q

What is a Wiggers diagram?

A

Shows changes in pressure, volume, electrical activity, sound
during the cardiac cycle

31
Q

How does a Wiggers diagram of the right side of th eheart compare to that of the left side of the heart?

A

Very similar

except right side is at lower pressures

32
Q

What happens in atrial contraction?

A

P wave on ECG - atrial depolarisation

A wave - increase in atrial pressure

Ventricular volume increases to EDV

33
Q

Atrial contraction accounts for what percentage of ventricular filling?

A

10%

34
Q

What is EDV?

A

End diastolic volume

Volume in left ventricle at end of diastole

35
Q

What is the average EDV?

A

120ml

36
Q

What happens in isovolumetric contraction?

A

Ventricular pressure increases - ventricle contracting

C wave - atrial pressure increases due to closure of mitral valve

QRS complex in ECG - ventricular depolarisation

S1 sound - closure of mitral valve (tricuspid valve too)

37
Q

Why is it called isovolumetric?

A

Both valves are closed

no change in volume of blood in left ventricle

38
Q

What happens in rapid ejection?

A

Ventricular pressure increases - ventricle contracting

Aortic valve opens - ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure

Aortic pressure increases - filling with blood from ventricle

X descent - atrial pressure decreases as base pulled down

Ventricular volume decreases - ventricle ejecting blood into aorta

39
Q

What happens in reduced ejection?

A

Ventricular pressure decreases - repolarisation of ventricle

Aortic pressure decreases - less filling with blood from ventricle

V wave - atrial pressure increases as it fills with blood

ESV - end systolic volume, volume of blood in ventricles at end of systole

T wave on ECG - ventricular repolarisation

40
Q

What hapens in isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Ventricular pressure decreases - ventricles relax

Aortic valve closes - aortic pressure exceeds ventricular pressure, backflow of blood, valve closes

Dicrotic notch - increase in aortic pressure, walls of aorta pulled inwards as valve closes

S2 sound - aortic valve closure (pulmonary valve too)

41
Q

What is the average ESV?

A

40ml

42
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

43
Q

What happens in rapid filling?

A

Mitral valve opens - atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

Y descent - atrial pressure decreases as it empties of blood

Ventricular volume - increases as ventricle fills with blood from atria

S3 sound - ventricular filling

44
Q

How does blood fill the ventricles from the atria?

A

Passively

45
Q

When is the S3 sound normal? When is it a sign of pathology?

A

Normal in children

Sign of pathology in adults

46
Q

What happens in reduced filling?

A

Diastasis - ventricules reach their max. relaxed volume, 90% of EDV

47
Q

How do the walls of the right and left ventricles compare to each other? Why?

A

Left ventricle has thicker wall than right ventricle

because it needs to withstand higher pressures

Cardiovascular System (22 decks)

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