Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular System > Development of heart and great vessels > Flashcards

Development of heart and great vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the blood islands lie?

A

In mesoderm

on both sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the blood islands surrounded by?

A

Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the blood islands initially form?

A

Endocardial tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the blood islands eventually form?

A

Blood cells
Small vessels
Heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the cavity form?

A

The pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to the endocardial tubes?

A

They meet each other in the midline
fuse together
to form the primitive heart tube
by lateral folding of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the zones of the primitive heart tube?

A 
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbous cordis
Truncus arteriosus
Aortic roots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the primitive heart tube?

A

From the sinus venosus to the aortic roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the primitive heart tube after it has formed?

A

Undergoes cardiac looping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does cardiac looping occur?

A

Primitive heart tube is growing within pericardial sac
not enough space for it to keep growing vertically
folds up to maximise its use of space in the pericardial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does cardiac looping occur?

A

Sinus venosus and atrium move superior and posteriorly

Ventricle, bulbous cordis, truncus arteriosus, aortic roots all move anteriorly and inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What has cardiac looping done to the position of the atrium, ventricle, inflow and outflow vessels?

A

Placed them at correct orientation to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to the primitive heart tube after cardiac looping?

A

Needs to be divided into four chambers, two atria and two ventricles

Inflow and outflow tracts need to be remodelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the right atrium develop from?

A

Most of the primitive atrium

Small part of sinus venosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the left atrium develop from?

A

Small part of primitive atrium

Mostly from proximal part of primitive pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the texture of the right atrium? And the left atrium?

A

Rough and trabeculated

Left atrium is smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is the left atrium smooth compared to the right atrium?

A

Because the left atrium has developed mostly from blood vessels
which have smooth walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What forms the endocardial cushions? Where do they come from?

A

Neural crest cells

Migrate into the heart from elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are the endocardial cushions located in the heart?

A

Base of atrium

in middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the endocardial cushions?

A

To act as scaffold

used to form the septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the septum primum form?

A

Grows downwards from roof of atrium to endocardial cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What shape is the septum primum?

A

Crescent shaped - contains opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name of the opening in the septum primum?

A

The ostium primum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the ostium primum?

A

The septum primum continuing to grow downwards

closing up the ostium primum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens before the ostium primum is closed?

A

Upper septum primum
cells die by apoptosis
creating a second opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the second opening in the septum primum called?

A

The ostium secundum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does the septum secundum form?

A

Grows downwards from atrium to endocardial cushions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does the septum secundum lie relative to the septum primum?

A

Are adjacent to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the septum secundum contain? What is an important feature of this structure?

A

Contains an opening

Importantly, it does not line up with the ostium secundum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The opening in the septum secundum and the ostium secundum form what?

A

The foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What keeps the foramen ovale open in the foetus?

A

Blood flowing through it

pushes the septum primum and septum secundum apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the ventricular septum made up of? Which component forms most of the septum?

A

Muscle - forms most of the septum

Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does the muscular portion of the septum grow?

A

Muscular septum grows up from near apex of ventricle
to endocardial cushion
leaves small gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the name of the small gap between the endocardial cushion and the muscular septum?

A

Primary interventricular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What type of tissue is the membranous portion of the septum?

A

Connective tissue

35
Q

How does the membranous portion of the septum grow?

A

Grows downwards from endocardial cushion

to muscular portion of septum

36
Q

What happens to the primary interventricular foramen?

A

Closed by the membranous portion of the septum

37
Q

How is the outflow tract separated into the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Endocardial cushions in truncus arteriosus
grow towards each other
twist around each other
forming spiral septum

38
Q

Why are the aorta and pulmonary trunk twisted around each other?

A

Because of the endocardial cushions twisting around each other
To form a spiral septum

39
Q

Where does foetal blood become oxygenated?

A

Placenta

40
Q

What carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus?

A

The umbilical vein

41
Q

What are the three circulatory shunts in the foetus?

A

Foramen ovale
Ductus venosus
Ductus arteriosus

42
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

Shunt that bypasses the liver

42
Q

What circulatory shunt comes after the umbilican vein?

A

Ductus venosus

43
Q

Why is the liver bypassed in foetal circulation?

A

Very metabolically active

would consume most of oxygen and nutrients, leaving little for rest of foetus

45
Q

What carries the blood after the ductus venosus?

A

The IVC

45
Q

What circulatory shunt comes after the IVC?

A

The foramen ovale

46
Q

What direction does the blood flow through the foramen ovale?

A

RA to LA

46
Q

What is the state of the lungs in the foetus?

A

Filled with amniotic fluid

47
Q

What happens to the pulmonary vessels in the foetus? Why?

A

Lack of oxygen in the alveoli gives hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

48
Q

What is the relative pulmonary vascular resistance in the foetus? Why?

A

High

due to the pulmonary vessels being vasoconstricted, decreases their radius

50
Q

Does some blood flow from the RA to the RV?

A

Yes

leaks into it from RA

51
Q

Why does blood flow from the RA to the LA in the foetal circulation?

A

RA pressure is higher than LA pressure

because of high pulmonary vascular resistance, increasing pressure in the RV and RA

51
Q

Why is it important that some blood leaks into the RV?

A

To give it blood to contract against

allowing for proper development of RV

52
Q

What happens to the blood in the RV?

A

RV contracts
ejects blood into pulmonary trunk
blood passes from pulmonary trunk to aorta through ductus arteriosus

54
Q

Why does blood move from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

A

High pulmonary vascular resistance

less resistance to blood flow from ductus arteriosus into aorta

55
Q

Where does blood travel after it leaves the aorta?

A

To foetal body

to placenta

55
Q

What type of blood is travelling to the placenta?

A

Deoxygenated blood

56
Q

What happens to the placental circulation after birth?

A

Removed

58
Q

What happens to systemic vascular resistance after birth? Why?

A

Increases

Because a major route of blood flow, the placental circulation, has been removed

59
Q

What happens to the ductus venosus after birth?

A

Closes up

60
Q

What happens to the pulmonary vessels after birth? Why?

A

Pulmonary vessels vasodilate

due to the presence of oxygen in the alveoli

60
Q

What happens to the lungs after birth?

A

Inflate with air

fluid is pushed out

61
Q

What happens to pulmonary vascular resistance after birth? Why?

A

Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases

because of vasodilation of pulmonary vessels

62
Q

What happens to blood flow through the pulmonary circulation after birth? Why?

A

Blood flow in pulmonary circulation increases

due to decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance

63
Q

What happens to pressure in the LA after birth? Why?

A

Increases
due to high systemic vascular resistance
and increased blood flow from pulmonary veins

64
Q

What effect does increased LA pressure have on the foreman ovale? How?

A

Increased LA pressure pushes septum primum against septum secundum
fuse together
closing foramen ovale

65
Q

Why was it important that the ostium secundum and the hole in the septum secundum didn’t align?

A

So when the septum primum is pushed against the septum secundum
Both openings are blocked

66
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus?

A

Contracts and closes up

67
Q

What is the remnant of the foramen ovale called?

A

Fossa ovalis

68
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus called?

A

The ligamentum arteriosum

70
Q

What does the early arterial system look like?

A

Many arched vessels

Bilaterally symmetrical

71
Q

What happens to these arched vessels?

A

Remodelled to form the major arteries that branch off the aorta

72
Q

How many arches are there in the early arterial system?

A

6

73
Q

What does the 4th arch on the right side form?

A

Proximal part of subclavian artery

74
Q

What does the 4th arch on the left side form?

A

The aortic arch

76
Q

What does the 6th arch on the right side form?

A

Right pulmonary artery

76
Q

What does the 6th arch on the left side form?

A

Left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus

78
Q

What is the nerve corresponding to the 6th arch?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

79
Q

What is unusual about the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

It descends from the neck
Hooks around ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum
Then ascends back up to neck

81
Q

What causes the left recurrent laryngeal nerve to hook around the ductus arteriosum?

A

Tangling of nerves as heart descends from embryonic neck to thorax during development

82
Q

What is the crista dividens?

A

Border of septum secundum in the right atrium

83
Q

What is the function of the crista dividens?

A

Create two routes of blood flow in the right atrium

84
Q

What are the two routes of blood flow in the right atrium?

A

Majority of blood flow into left atrium

Small amount of blood flow into right ventricle

85
Q

Blood from what flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle?

A

Blood from the superior vena cava

86
Q

Where does the ductus arteriosus arise from the aorta?

A

After the three branches of the aortic arch

  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • left cartoid
  • left subclavian

Cardiovascular System (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions