Hypersensitivity

Question 1

innate immune system

Answer 1

physical barriers

complement system

non-adaptive cellular immunity

Question 2

adaptive immune system

Answer 2

cellular: cytotoxic t cells
humoral B cells antibodies
helper t cells

Question 3

what do you find in the bone marrow?

Answer 3

all hematopoietic cells
maturation of cells
maturation of T cells

Question 4

purpose of immune system

Answer 4

detect and destroy pathogens & cancerous self cells
clears debris from sites of inflammation
promote healing of wounds

Question 5

autoimmune disease

Answer 5

damage or disturbed physiological function due to autoimmunity

Question 6

which 2 cells may be central tolerance to autoreactive receptors?

Answer 6

Thymus for T cells

Bone marrow for B cells peripheral

Question 7

mechanisms of peripheral tolerance

Answer 7

Ignorance: antigen hidden

separation of autoreactive t cell from antigen (restricted T cell circulation)

anergy (no co-stimulation) or apoptosis

suppression by treg cells

Question 8

examples of autoimmune disease

Answer 8

thyroid disorders (grave's disease)
type 1 diabetes mellitus
autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

systemic lupus erythematosus
connective tissue disease (rheumatoid arthritis)

Question 9

autoinflammatory disease and its example

Answer 9

lack of control of inflammation

Bechet’s disease - inflammation of blood vessels

Question 10

hereditary angioedema and its feature

Answer 10

example of inflammatory disease

• severe swelling (angioedema)
• common in the limbs, face, intestinal tract and airway
• minor trauma or stress may trigger it
• deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor

Question 11

treatment that would help treating hereditary angioedema

Answer 11

danazol and oxandrolone could help reduce the chances of swelling

tranexamic acid & stanozolol

Question 12

Hypersensitivity

Answer 12

undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.

Question 13

what are the 5 types of hypersensitivity

Answer 13

Type 1 –> immediate
IgE mediated - Allergy

Type 2–> Cytotoxic
IgG mediated - acute haemolytic transfusion reaction

Type 3 –> Ag-Ab complexes - SLE

Type 4 –> Delayed - CD4 - macrophage mediated

Type 5 –> Autoimmune disease - IgG class antibodies directed towards cell surface antigens

Question 14

what is allergy

Answer 14

immune response that is harmful to host which is directed against external agents which are themselves not harmful

Question 15

how do you diagnosing allergies?

Answer 15

check the timing of exposure
symptoms
what treatments was used and the response

• tryptase
• skin prick test
• patch test
• challenge test

Question 16

treatment of allergies

Answer 16

• avoidance
• drugs
  antihistamines
  inhalers
  topical steroids
  adrenaline for emergencies
• desensitisation (only for aeroallergens)

Question 17

what is an allergen immunotherapy

Answer 17

involves exposing individuals to increasing amounts of allergen in an attempt to alter the immune system’s response

Question 18

anaphylaxis

Answer 18

potential life-threatening allergy reaction
medical emergency with the cardiorespiratory collapse
cause by allergens like insect bites/food, drugs like antibiotics