Development and evolution of antibiotics Flashcards
What is pathogens
organisms that can cause disease
What is the process of Prion disease
Initiation
Propagation
Aggregation
–> Neuronal damage
3 factors of exposure resulting in infection
Dose –> amount of organism that enter the body
Virulence –> strength of the organism
Host resistance –> ability of immune system to fight infection
What is an antimicrobial?
Term for any drug with activity against micro-organisms
examples of the antimicrobial drugs
Antibiotics
antivirals
antiparasitic agents
antifungals
Groups of bacteria
Gram positive
Gram negative
Atypicals
Which shapes does bacteria has?
Cocci --> Shaped like a sphere Bacilli --> Shaped like a rod Spiral --> Comma, S or spiral shapes vibrios --> comma spirochaetes --> corkscrew (Pleomorphic --> lacking a ditant shape)
What is normal flora?
microorganisms that live on another living organsism or inanimate object without causing disease
What colour difference is the gram +ve and the -ve?
Gram +ve –> Blue/purple
Gram -ve –> pink/red
Difference of gram positive and gram negative?
Gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram negative has a thin peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
Different of Typical and atypical
typical –> atypical
member of a large group fo unicellular microorganisms –> not detectable on grm statin and can’t be cultured
contain cell wall made of peptidoglycans –> don’t contain a cell wall
reproduce through cells division –> complicated reproduction
either mutualistic parasitic or predators –> obligate parasites
grow on artificial media –> require a living host / highly enrched media for growth
What is mycoplasma
small gram negative non-motile anaerobic bacteria
- lack true cell wall
- require sterol for growth
What is rickettsia
Gram negative
obligate
intracellular
non acid fast bacteria
What is Coxiella
Gram negative obligate bacteria
reproduce by binary fission
What is chlamydia
Gram-negative
coccoid obligate intracellular bacteria
What is a broad spectrum
effective against a wide range of bacteria
use to treat a variety of infections
What is narrow spectrum
Effective against a selective range of bacteria
use to treat specific infections
function of bactericidal ?
kills bacteria
Function of Bacteriostatic ?
Inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria
what is the 5 site that antibiotics could tackle ?
cell wall plasma membrane ribosome chromosome metabolic pathways
When is penicillin is discovered and by whom?
1928 by Alexander fleming
what did ppl suffer in 1931 ?
gonorrhoeal and pneumococcal eye infections
What happen in the post antibiotic era?
resistance evolving appearance of superbugs no transplant surgery no chemotherapy death from previously treatable disease
When is antibiotic resistance first identified ?
1940s
Cause of antibiotic resistance
Over prescribing patients not finishing their treatment over use of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming poor infection control in hospitals lack of hygiene and poor sanitation lack of new antibiotics being developed
Explain the process of antibiotic resistance
when antibiotics kills bacteria there are some resistant strains remain
those resistant bacteria multiply
antibiotic resistance spreads
examples of target identification
RNA-seq
Proteomics
Enzyme activity profiling
Lipidomics
Types of horizontal gene transfer
Transformation
conjugation
tansduction
Which micro RNAs are affected during bacterial infection?
miR-146
miR-155
let-7
and miR-21
what does the function of the MicroRNAs?
contribute to immune responses to protect the organism again overwhelmed inflammation
