Development and evolution of antibiotics

Question 1

What is pathogens

Answer 1

organisms that can cause disease

Question 2

What is the process of Prion disease

Answer 2

Initiation

Propagation

Aggregation

–> Neuronal damage

Question 3

3 factors of exposure resulting in infection

Answer 3

Dose –> amount of organism that enter the body
Virulence –> strength of the organism
Host resistance –> ability of immune system to fight infection

Question 4

What is an antimicrobial?

Answer 4

Term for any drug with activity against micro-organisms

Question 5

examples of the antimicrobial drugs

Answer 5

Antibiotics
antivirals
antiparasitic agents
antifungals

Question 6

Groups of bacteria

Answer 6

Gram positive
Gram negative
Atypicals

Question 7

Which shapes does bacteria has?

Answer 7

Cocci --> Shaped like a sphere
Bacilli --> Shaped like a rod
Spiral --> Comma, S or spiral shapes
vibrios --> comma
spirochaetes --> corkscrew
(Pleomorphic --> lacking a ditant shape)

Question 8

What is normal flora?

Answer 8

microorganisms that live on another living organsism or inanimate object without causing disease

Question 9

What colour difference is the gram +ve and the -ve?

Answer 9

Gram +ve –> Blue/purple

Gram -ve –> pink/red

Question 10

Difference of gram positive and gram negative?

Answer 10

Gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Gram negative has a thin peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

Question 11

Different of Typical and atypical

Answer 11

typical –> atypical

member of a large group fo unicellular microorganisms –> not detectable on grm statin and can’t be cultured

contain cell wall made of peptidoglycans –> don’t contain a cell wall

reproduce through cells division –> complicated reproduction

either mutualistic parasitic or predators –> obligate parasites

grow on artificial media –> require a living host / highly enrched media for growth

Question 12

What is mycoplasma

Answer 12

small gram negative non-motile anaerobic bacteria

• lack true cell wall
• require sterol for growth

Question 13

What is rickettsia

Answer 13

Gram negative
obligate
intracellular
non acid fast bacteria

Question 14

What is Coxiella

Answer 14

Gram negative obligate bacteria

reproduce by binary fission

Question 15

What is chlamydia

Answer 15

Gram-negative

coccoid obligate intracellular bacteria

Question 16

What is a broad spectrum

Answer 16

effective against a wide range of bacteria

use to treat a variety of infections

Question 17

What is narrow spectrum

Answer 17

Effective against a selective range of bacteria

use to treat specific infections

Question 18

function of bactericidal ?

Answer 18

kills bacteria

Question 19

Function of Bacteriostatic ?

Answer 19

Inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria

Question 20

what is the 5 site that antibiotics could tackle ?

Answer 20

cell wall
plasma membrane 
ribosome
chromosome
metabolic pathways

Question 21

When is penicillin is discovered and by whom?

Answer 21

1928 by Alexander fleming

Question 22

what did ppl suffer in 1931 ?

Answer 22

gonorrhoeal and pneumococcal eye infections

Question 23

What happen in the post antibiotic era?

Answer 23

resistance evolving
appearance of superbugs
no transplant surgery
no chemotherapy
death from previously treatable disease

Question 24

When is antibiotic resistance first identified ?

Answer 24

1940s

Question 25

Cause of antibiotic resistance

Answer 25

Over prescribing
patients not finishing their treatment
over use of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming
poor infection control in hospitals
lack of hygiene and poor sanitation
lack of new antibiotics being developed

Question 26

Explain the process of antibiotic resistance

Answer 26

when antibiotics kills bacteria there are some resistant strains remain

those resistant bacteria multiply

antibiotic resistance spreads

Question 27

examples of target identification

Answer 27

RNA-seq
Proteomics
Enzyme activity profiling
Lipidomics

Question 28

Types of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 28

Transformation
conjugation
tansduction

Question 29

Which micro RNAs are affected during bacterial infection?

Answer 29

miR-146
miR-155
let-7
and miR-21

Question 30

what does the function of the MicroRNAs?

Answer 30

contribute to immune responses to protect the organism again overwhelmed inflammation