Antibiotic resistant Flashcards
what is antimicrobial stewardship?
organisation/healthcare that promote and monitoring the certain use of antimicrobials
Aim of the antimicrobial stewardship?
Development of antimicrobial resistance
healthcare associated infections
unnecessary waste of resources
what are the 5 resistant bacteria that result of hospital infections and 25,000 ppl die each year
- Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)
- Klebsiella Pneumoniae
- Enterococcus Faecium
- Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Why we need to worry about antibiotic resistance?
leads to treatment failures
threatens our ability to perform modern medical procedures
imposes a major economic burden on society
causes deaths around the world
What can you do to help limit antibiotic resistance development (as an individual)
Use antibiotics wisely
stay healthy
raise awareness
Which 2 structure usually carries the resistant genes?
Chromosome & Plasmid
Which resistance mechanisms does the bacteria consist of?
modified drug target
modified cell wall protein
drug-inactivating enzyme
efflux pump
How does the efflux pump mechanism woks
the antibiotics is actively pumped out of the bacteria so that it can’t harm the bacteria
which are the 2 methods in where bacteria can acquire resistance
vertical gene transfer
horizontal gene transfer
what is vertical gene trasfer?
where bacterium accumulates errors/mutations in its genome during replication
which 3 part is in the horizontal gene transfer
conjugation
transduction
transformation
how does the conjugation works?
transferred between bacterial cells through pilli tubes
how does transduction works?
bacteriophage DNA injected into bacteria
Phage DNA replicates and destroys bacterial DNA
new bacteriophages are formed within the bacteria
bacteriophages cause cell lysis
bacteriophage with resistance gene attacks another bacteria
where donation of resistant gene
how does transformation works?
Lysed bacterium releases DNA fragments
where they enter a living cells
recombination occurs between the DNA fragment and host chromosome
purpose of antibiotic susceptibility testing
guide for selecting the best antibiotic agent for individual patient
control the use of inappropriate antibiotics in clinical practice
accumulate information on the resistance of micro-organisms
reveal the changing trends of local isolates
